Abstract
Ostellino Piero, in his article that recalls the wanderings of Oriana Fallaci, argued among other nonsense that the Arabs do not even have the idea of \u200b\u200bfreedom and do not know what that means. In Arabic there is a word, Hurriyyat, which means freedom, and is almost unanimous belief of linguists, linguists and philosophers of that when there is a word in a language it is usually a concept or idea. The moment in the Arabic language is a word that means freedom follows that Arab cultural universe is also clear the idea of \u200b\u200bfreedom. But apart from considerations nominalist, who have a story for another search in the development of Western philosophical, Piero Ostellino and scoundrels like him should then explain why some of the longest wars of liberation against foreign domination and bloody have been fought by Arab nations, without exception, have been extended for a longer European colonial domination of the most ferocious and bloody : and would also explain why the process of decolonization began in the Arab countries and Muslims in general so much as to write the history of religions Ambrogio Donini, communist, probably the great intensity of the liberation struggles of the Arab countries have found their unusual root in the Islamic religion, which unlike other religions, hence can not be called "opium of peoples. "
For these reasons, we will start the exposure of the events of European colonialism in Muslim countries from the history of the struggle of the Algerian people against French rule.
The ALGERIA
After the dismemberment of the Arab Caliph Maghreb bought her a substantial historical and political autonomy. united again under the rule of Fatinidi, then under the dynasties of the Almoravids and Almohavi it \u200b\u200bwas then under different dynasties, but in fact the area was mostly within the large Bedouin tribes and Tuaregh before becoming the second decade of the sixteenth century a pascià lato the Ottoman Empire. In fact, the Algerian coast became especially a basis of the Barbary pirates in the Mediterranean that raged in fierce competition with the activities of pirate character of the maritime republics of Genoa and Venice. The basic character of the Algerian pirates did not change even when at its helm was the sultan of Constantinople autocratic rule, the Dey (1711). The presence
European politics began in 800. To protect its market penetration which dated from the sixteenth century, France occupied Algiers in 1830, then gradually extended its dominance despite the persistent hostility of the population that certainly could not bear what may be considered the worst form of colonialism, namely colonialism of population that develops with the transfer of large masses of population by the colonial power to the colonized entities, with increasingly widespread phenomena of expropriation of land (especially the most fertile), made with gun violence. To give some examples have been of populating the Italian colonization of Libya or by more macroscopic example is the colonization of North America by Europeans that led to substantial destruction of the indigenous population. In modern times, a particularly ruthless colonization of population is engaged in what the Zionists in Palestine.
To break the resistance of the Algerian population, which began almost the aftermath of the occupation of Algiers, a shipment of about 37,000 men commanded by Marshal Boumont Duperré and led to the fall of Oran and Bona and the final capitulation of Algiers. France was able to gradually extend his rule despite its increasingly fierce resistance of Berber and Arab populations. From 1834 to affirm two powers who organized the resistance to the natives: Achmed the Bey of Constantine in the region and, in western Algeria Sheikh Abd El-Kader. On the other hand seemed to be of interest to the French, at least at first employment of maritime bases rather than the interior of the territories. So it was that they recognized in 1837 with the Treaty of Tahpenes the existence of two powers, and seemed to confirm the hypothesis employment limited. However, as expected, the French were quick to tear up the treaty. Abd El-Kader then organized a widespread armed resistance, but had to surrender despite the value in 1847. After being caught, almost in tribute to his value to the French authorities have refrained from sentencing him to death and were limited to exile him to the Sultan of Constantinople, where he lived until 1867, the year in which he strove valiantly in defense of Orthodox Christians persecuted by the rising nationalism turkish . That of Abd El-Kader was a real war, which followed a period of "pacification" which saw the suppression of sporadic rebellions (like the one in the region of Constantine in 1871), the partial removal of Bedouin tribes driven into the desert and their replacement by European settlers, and finally the establishment of a network of military stations on the mountains and steppes. Only in 1879 the work of subjugation of the natives could be called complete. To the military authorities were replaced by civilian ones, the country was organized by the administrative point of view as a French territory in all respects and were made common to the French administration and management are common to mixed (in which the representative bodies should always have a majority in French).
The assimilation policy of France, however, was only a facade because the Algerians certainly did not enjoy the same rights as French citizens, while the population Local was systematically and gradually deprived of their lands by violence.
The higher level of continued support to French colonialism in Algeria was also by members of the most important groups of major ports and business centers of the textile industry, including chambers of commerce representing local interests effectively. Of course, the economic interests of business groups built the reasons for the prestige of the Grand Nation and the glories of the "Mission civilis". So a member of the Chamber of Commerce of Lyon proclaimed: "Civilizing the peoples in the modern sense of the word means teaching them to work to earn money to spend, to trade."
E 'certain, however, that the most obvious impact on the type of French colonization in Algeria had destructive effects on the Algerian people. The first and most obvious consequence was the decline in population within half a century was a decrease of one million inhabitants. Since colonization of population fail to achieve consistent profits, the French colonial authorities eliminating all forms of investment aimed at promoting the development of infrastructure and public education. The illiteracy rate among the indigenous population especially women increased massively, and this prevents the formation of an Arab ruling class. We add to this a general attitude of contempt racist individual relations with the Arabs and you have a complete picture of what has been called "CIVILIZATION FRANCAISE" in Algeria.
theorists of the colonization of Algeria and their opponents shared the same image in the Arab world and Islam. Alexis De Tocqueville, sent by the French parliament in Algeria to study the different policies of colonization that could be applied with a view to better utilization of human and material resources, wrote before the trip and without a known inhabitant of the colony: "Anarchy Arabs, so fatal to these people is very harmful for us, why do not we having neither the intention nor the power to subdue them immediately with weapons, we can only hope to act on them in the long term, through contact with our ideas and our arts, and this can take place only if a certain order and peace will reign between them. Moreover, the anarchy that drives the tribes against each other, the precipitates continuously towards us and remove any security at our borders. "
few years later, Karl Marx, he went to Algeria to treat a pneumonia. He was limited to find that racism caused by colonial society, but not a single word devoted to Arab culture and society. In his correspondence with Engels, there is a letter dated January 22, 1848 in which Engels, who was following closely the events Algerian referring to Marx: "In short, our view is that the newspaper" The reform "is very happy that the Arab leader has been captured. The struggle of the Bedouins was hopeless, but even if it is deprorevole the ruthless way in which war was conducted by soldiers as brutal Buyaud, the conquest of Algeria is an important fact and conducive to the advancement of civilization. The actions of states Barbary pirates, the British government did not stop until disturbed his ships could not finish it with the capture of one of these states, and the conquest of Algeria has already forced the Bey of Tunis and Tripoli and the Emperor of Morocco to engage in the path of civilization. They were forced find jobs for their people than by piracy and other means to fill the boxes that were not paid by the purchase smaller states of Europe. And if you can blame that freedom and independence have been destroyed, we must not forget that these Bedouin Arabs are a nation of thieves, whose main livelihood was to make inroads against each other in the villages and sedentary , appropriating everything they met, slaughtering all who resisted, and selling the rest of the prisoners as slaves. These people are barbarians at large seem to be very proud, noble, glorious when viewed from afar, but closer enough to discover that, like most civilized nations, are moved by a thirst of gain, just means they use more vulgar and more cruel. After all, the modern bourgeois civilization, industry, policy and science that brings with it is still preferable to the sheikh or feudal robber and barbarous condition of society to which he belongs and where prosperous. "
Enlightened by such beliefs, the French did in Algeria fertile ground to their criteria of civilization and colonization: to take the most fertile land, destroy all forms of self-development, from crafts to trade, forcing the nomadic peoples of the poorest regions no large cities, the latter creating Europeanize neighborhoods clean, tidy and equipped with every comfort for the French and relegate the lumpen proletariat and the Algerian anti sanitary districts, miserable, dismal economic structure with a below even the mere existence.
only at the beginning of the 900 'there was some sign of change. To the military authorities were replaced by civilian ones, with the system that the "Bureaux Arades" the French ruled the Algerian authorities relying on local tribal attempting a parallel policy of assimilation very difficult, which was limited to the indigenous elements to achieve more intelligent and above more willing submission to some degree which would allow its use in lower levels of the bureaucracy, especially the indigenous enlistment in the armed forces, of course, the troops in the most simple and graded.
During the Second World War, Algeria was the scene of Anglo-American landings and fighting against the French who had joined "the Republic of Vichy" and against the German troops, there was a greater involvement of the armed forces of the Free French led by General De Gaulle of soldiers, even non-commissioned officers and Algerians. The value that was deployed by the Arabs in the immediate post-war France declared Algeria an integral part of the metropolitan area, and was thus set up a meeting in Algeria and granted the right to send deputies to the assembly French National Assembly in Paris. The right of representation, however, was given equally to the Arab majority and the minority of French origin, which had the privileged part of the population. Among Arab citizens, heavily discriminated against in every aspect of society discontent condensed at first only in opposition politics, while the majority Berber Kabyle Atlas began to spread through a bloody guerrilla war that was intensified rapidly and that ' French army crushed with merciless hardness.
was born in 1954 a revolutionary committee for Unity and Action (CRUA) and November 1 of that year broke out under the guidance of the National Liberation Front, the armed uprising. There followed years of bloody conflict, some governments in the metropolis could not overcome a military solution will start otherwise, for the opposition of senior echelons of the military will not declare won in comparison with "ragged Four terrorists," the obstinacy of the settlers French in Algeria who were unwilling to give up the privileges acquired and their high standard of living and uncompromising right-wing nationalist movements (ultras). The situation became particularly explosive in the city of Algiers, where FLN firmly rooted in the Arab Casbah organized a formidable network that, in response to a terrorist attack that provoked the French police in the Arab neighborhood almost a hundred victims, began with the murder of the policemen to go to the French armed assaults to police stations and barracks and ending with the deadly terrorist attacks against public places of European cities that caused thousands of victims. The French government reacted by sending a unit of paratroopers in Algiers already distinguished themselves in the massacres of Kabylia and led by Colonel Masu: they ordered an extensive police control over the city of Algiers and other major Algerian cities, using torture as a common method of warfare: circumstances which caused this reaction in the same disgusted French public opinion and intellectuals led by JPSartre. The FLN in the Casbah seemed vanquished; but it was clear that France could not hope to maintain its control on Algeria, partly because the tough fight that the Algerian Liberation Army continued to lead in extra-urban regions, forced the UN to consider the "question Algerian "and to advocate a solution that recognized the right of the Algerian people to self-determination. The French governments had substantial swings and sway on the solution to be adopted and in the late 50 'seemed to favor a peaceful solution. The right-wing forces and the Algerian ex-conservative parties of the metropolis, with the active support of the armed forces gave rise to a quasi-coup in 1958 which destroyed the Fourth Republic came out. Unable
to cope with the situation was called to the head of government General De Gaulle felt alone has the authority and ability to accept the inevitability of Algerian independence to France. In 1960 he made preliminary contacts with the Provisional Government of the Republic of Algeria (GPRA), formed in 1958 under the chairmanship of the great leader Ferhat Abbas. In 1961, Algerians and French announced the opening of negotiations, which ended in March 1962 with an announcement of independence. Peace talks provoked attempts at revolt in Algeria by the ultras led by four generals, but the Algerian independence had been accepted: 1 July 1962 it was ratified by a referendum and proclaimed the next day.
The long struggle for freedom to the Algerian people had cost no less than two million deaths. In this long struggle
contributors to the heroic, unequaled Algerian women, who played in the mass army of national liberation resisting torture, rapes and executions at par with their men.
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