Long live Italy, long live the Republican Constitution was born from the anti-fascist resistance and flourished from the ideals of the Risorgimento.
Thursday, March 17, 2011
Watch Free Movies Online Spanish
FREEDOM, 'BROTHERHOOD', EQUALITY! On occasion
Long live Italy, long live the Republican Constitution was born from the anti-fascist resistance and flourished from the ideals of the Risorgimento.
Long live Italy, long live the Republican Constitution was born from the anti-fascist resistance and flourished from the ideals of the Risorgimento.
Wednesday, March 16, 2011
Pain Shooting Down Thumb To Wrist
E 'BENE Speak out! THE CONFUSION OF THE GAME
The City of Vicenza and the Ecumenical Center Eugenius IV organized for Sunday, March 20, 2011 in the new municipal theater citizen VII inter-religious meeting on "Who is God to you?". Initiative were invited Sikhs, Hindus, Muslims and Christians, of course.
I received a free ticket to the staff entrance to the theater and since, by temperament and conviction have always been used to justify my actions, I must explain why, while thanking, I will not accept the invitation.
I - falls into These days, the 150th anniversary of the unification of Italy that, in institutional settings in which it was celebrated, not to become a manifestation of generic rhetoric of patriotism and good feeling empty content was presented as an opportunity to mobilize the Italian people around the values \u200b\u200bof the republican constitution formed by anti fascist resistance and logical conclusion of that great process of national liberation was the Italian Risorgimento. If the mayor of Vicenza and his council wanted to give life to an initiative by promoting the encounter between the religions of the "new Italians" was an obvious reference to those articles of the Constitution relating to aliens, as beings certain inviolable human rights are recognized, was exemplary initiative in which Sikh, Hindu, Muslim and Christians outside the Roman Catholic Church could represent the extreme hardship that together substantial feel in the face of Article 19 of the Constitution inapplicable "Everyone has the right to profess freely their religion, on an individual associated in the public and private, to have the necessary places of worship provided they are not contrary to public morality. I believe that this initiative would have been much appreciated by their Creator with an event that, at best, vaguely folk will be an occasion to another to exhibit in public his "ecumenical vocation."
II - An initiative to defend the most important human rights, religious freedom, which is the highest manifestation of the freedom of thought, would have been much more necessary for a general exchange of views on the idea that each has of God, especially when one considers that the issue of religious freedom no political force in Italy demonstrates the commitment no matter how small, while in fact a subversive and anti-national force like the Northern League for the Independence of Padania does not lack for opportunity to take its representatives institutions, regional advisers to the mayors efforts to prevent the exercise of that freedom in the name of "Judeo-Christian roots" of Italy. Concerning in particular the Muslims could do a long list of violations of the freedom registratesi in the province of Vicenza, and also in the capital: starting with the fact that one is forced to hide the identity of places of worship (which in Islam is mosques called) under the label of cultural center, an association of social initiative and the like, not to mention the systematic hammering on some local press that is dedicated to vilify, to falsify, and in the worst way to present the contents of the Islamic faith and the characteristics anthropology of one who professes.
III - Why is the mayor of Vicenza who also said in an interview he did not know the Islamic community Vicenza to defer indefinitely the uncertainty surrounding the feasibility of a non-Catholic cemetery to bury the corpses of those who were not Catholic, and that so far has never deigned to have a meeting to be Courtesy also with representatives of the Muslim community (about 7000 people in the city), it is promoting an initiative on the following title: "Muslim, Sikh, Hindu, Orthodox and Protestant Christians, Jehovah's Witnesses, Evangelicals: meeting undertake an initiative to protect religious freedom for all "? Such an initiative would be much richer in spirit of ecumenical and inter religious unnecessary disquisition on the nature of "anthropological" of differences and, above all, it would really contribute to that integration of immigrants into Italian society, giving the character the only differences that can assimilate: the full enjoyment of rights enshrined in the Constitution.
I know that all too many hypocrites in our country, and call themselves Christians forget that Jesus, blessed be his name, he used the strongest words against the hypocrites, they will respond with the usual threadbare argument that in countries of the Islamic religion Freedom of worship is not granted to religions other than Islam. Apart from the groundless and pretext argument, contradicted by many Christian churches exist in the world where Islam is professed, we would ask this group of hypocrites what should be done taking into account that in Italy most of the U.S. force in the death penalty should be reintroduced, perhaps against citizens American convicted in our country? In other words: flattened at the positions of those who practice barbarism. I have received recent information from China and the terrible country where human rights are denied, there is a capital named Beijing where there are Buddhist pagodas, Hindu temples, Muslim mosques, Catholic churches and Christians in general. And what of the tremendous Ayatollah of Iran, where Christians are quietly allowed to grow vines for the wine extract use in the Eucharist even though it is an alcoholic beverage is prohibited by Islam? They know the League crypto Nazi (sometimes confess) who sit third in the Iranian parliament members of the Jewish religion guaranteed by the Constitution? And you know, always the League that in most work places of the Muslim countries Christians are granted permission on the job to attend Sunday Mass? I can shorten a conference sponsored by the democratic institutions and political forces in Vicenza: "Against Hypocrisy!" 
The City of Vicenza and the Ecumenical Center Eugenius IV organized for Sunday, March 20, 2011 in the new municipal theater citizen VII inter-religious meeting on "Who is God to you?". Initiative were invited Sikhs, Hindus, Muslims and Christians, of course.
I received a free ticket to the staff entrance to the theater and since, by temperament and conviction have always been used to justify my actions, I must explain why, while thanking, I will not accept the invitation.
I - falls into These days, the 150th anniversary of the unification of Italy that, in institutional settings in which it was celebrated, not to become a manifestation of generic rhetoric of patriotism and good feeling empty content was presented as an opportunity to mobilize the Italian people around the values \u200b\u200bof the republican constitution formed by anti fascist resistance and logical conclusion of that great process of national liberation was the Italian Risorgimento. If the mayor of Vicenza and his council wanted to give life to an initiative by promoting the encounter between the religions of the "new Italians" was an obvious reference to those articles of the Constitution relating to aliens, as beings certain inviolable human rights are recognized, was exemplary initiative in which Sikh, Hindu, Muslim and Christians outside the Roman Catholic Church could represent the extreme hardship that together substantial feel in the face of Article 19 of the Constitution inapplicable "Everyone has the right to profess freely their religion, on an individual associated in the public and private, to have the necessary places of worship provided they are not contrary to public morality. I believe that this initiative would have been much appreciated by their Creator with an event that, at best, vaguely folk will be an occasion to another to exhibit in public his "ecumenical vocation."
II - An initiative to defend the most important human rights, religious freedom, which is the highest manifestation of the freedom of thought, would have been much more necessary for a general exchange of views on the idea that each has of God, especially when one considers that the issue of religious freedom no political force in Italy demonstrates the commitment no matter how small, while in fact a subversive and anti-national force like the Northern League for the Independence of Padania does not lack for opportunity to take its representatives institutions, regional advisers to the mayors efforts to prevent the exercise of that freedom in the name of "Judeo-Christian roots" of Italy. Concerning in particular the Muslims could do a long list of violations of the freedom registratesi in the province of Vicenza, and also in the capital: starting with the fact that one is forced to hide the identity of places of worship (which in Islam is mosques called) under the label of cultural center, an association of social initiative and the like, not to mention the systematic hammering on some local press that is dedicated to vilify, to falsify, and in the worst way to present the contents of the Islamic faith and the characteristics anthropology of one who professes.
III - Why is the mayor of Vicenza who also said in an interview he did not know the Islamic community Vicenza to defer indefinitely the uncertainty surrounding the feasibility of a non-Catholic cemetery to bury the corpses of those who were not Catholic, and that so far has never deigned to have a meeting to be Courtesy also with representatives of the Muslim community (about 7000 people in the city), it is promoting an initiative on the following title: "Muslim, Sikh, Hindu, Orthodox and Protestant Christians, Jehovah's Witnesses, Evangelicals: meeting undertake an initiative to protect religious freedom for all "? Such an initiative would be much richer in spirit of ecumenical and inter religious unnecessary disquisition on the nature of "anthropological" of differences and, above all, it would really contribute to that integration of immigrants into Italian society, giving the character the only differences that can assimilate: the full enjoyment of rights enshrined in the Constitution.
I know that all too many hypocrites in our country, and call themselves Christians forget that Jesus, blessed be his name, he used the strongest words against the hypocrites, they will respond with the usual threadbare argument that in countries of the Islamic religion Freedom of worship is not granted to religions other than Islam. Apart from the groundless and pretext argument, contradicted by many Christian churches exist in the world where Islam is professed, we would ask this group of hypocrites what should be done taking into account that in Italy most of the U.S. force in the death penalty should be reintroduced, perhaps against citizens American convicted in our country? In other words: flattened at the positions of those who practice barbarism. I have received recent information from China and the terrible country where human rights are denied, there is a capital named Beijing where there are Buddhist pagodas, Hindu temples, Muslim mosques, Catholic churches and Christians in general. And what of the tremendous Ayatollah of Iran, where Christians are quietly allowed to grow vines for the wine extract use in the Eucharist even though it is an alcoholic beverage is prohibited by Islam? They know the League crypto Nazi (sometimes confess) who sit third in the Iranian parliament members of the Jewish religion guaranteed by the Constitution? And you know, always the League that in most work places of the Muslim countries Christians are granted permission on the job to attend Sunday Mass? I can shorten a conference sponsored by the democratic institutions and political forces in Vicenza: "Against Hypocrisy!"
Monday, March 14, 2011
My Whole Body Feels Ichey
WESTERN with Gaddafi
article Renzo Guolo, The Independent 14/03/2011
article Renzo Guolo, The Independent 14/03/2011
Gaddafi recapture the city of oil and preparing the final battle of Benghazi. The Anabasis of the rebels may soon come to fruition if you do not receive outside support. N
very worrying results: the victory of the Colonel would have significant consequences not only on the fate of the insurgents but also on the remaining western credibility. The story Libyan treatment other than those of Tunisia and Egypt, both domestically and outside. Not only because the center-periphery conflict and the intra-tribal roots undermine the potential of new social actors, such as young, emerging aTunisi and Cairo, for identification of subjects related to traditional clan or territorial. The Egyptian members age is more differentiated than the Libyan easier concat with flattery, threats, promises. "LafamigliaGhedda-fi is Libya," said the Colonel, and in this statement, imbued with an unparalleled will to power, there is a paradox of truth: after forty years of personal regime, its influence is much more extensive than was that of her neighbors set down. Libya is also less susceptible to outside pressure of the other two North African countries. In this context, Gaddafi has realized that he could play the card of resistance, relying on the time factor, the uncertainties Western, those Arab regimes fearful of the precedent, as well as the convergence of Moscow and Beijing aPalazzo diVetro. What is surprising is not the choice as that of Colonel, helpless, the West, the first rushing enthusiastically to support the insurgents, then to recognize them as the rising power, finally, abandoned to their fate made. Let me be clear: a military intervention, including the claimed "no fly zone" of operation, however the nature of war, is fraught with unknowns. But is it possible, after having gone that far, even the judicial level, turn a blind eye, simply call for the precise conditions and policies in the meantime see the satrap parade on horseback in Benghazi? Possible, after Obama ordered him to leave and Sarkozy has proposed to bomb his bunker? Certainly not: Ghedaffi is destined to become, once again, a pariah of the international community. Even if someone keeps looking at him as a lesser evil and cultivate the idea that he can continue to ensure oil flows and act as a breakwater to the masses of migrants. To remain reticent little hesitant to Italian, you can imagine that after the hereafter, you can restore the treaty between Italy and Libya "outstanding in practice"? And maybe resume joint patrols at sea in search of desperate? If Ghedaffi remain in power inevitably would look to Russia and China, respectively, decided to regain a place in the sun in the Mediterranean and meet the growing greed for oil. A resignation would immobility, however, vanish the credit earned in the Islamic world from America to Obama. The opposition in the Gulf, not just Iran but also Saudi, they would have more hope. Water for the mill of the radical Islamist declining thesis on "natural" and "inevitable" American support for the "wicked schemes."
a tragic dilemma, one that faces the West, where you play not only Lasorte the Colonel but also the forces that are fighting for democracy Crescent. In any case, a dilemma that must be dissolved immediately: time is running out now. If the rais
able to tame the insurgency and to remain in power, what will be the attitude of the U.S. and Europe?
The title of the article we just mentioned should be radically correct. We propose that a better photographer, the role that the so-called West, on the other in good company, played in the comparison mostly "played" with Colonel Gaddafi, now seems poised to an easy victory over the armed youths for more than just and have more courage to show the world that they are fed up with a clown dictator armed with a well-experienced bloody ferocity and a megalomaniac who has had more to the shortness to have an arsenal of modern and efficient.
course it is possible to rank among the different degrees of cowardly opportunism, in the face of substantial indifference to the fate of a democratic revolution from below game, and finally between the various manifestations of cialtroneria braggart.
I - The negative record as it is usual to Berlusconi and his court. Perhaps because it has certainly not forgotten the kiss-hand that was lavished with the Libyan Colonel, Berlusconi began after saying he had phoned in the early days of the uprising in Libya, saying that his partner "did not want to disturb him," he said mandating his dapper Foreign Minister (and soon we will see him in some fashion male) that had to be avoided interference of internal affairs of a sovereign state, the same Frattini also invented the strange theory that Italy "recognizes the states but not governments "to respond negatively to the proposals of those in Europe called for the recognition of the Provisional Government Benghazi; still Frattini, having called for the establishment of an "off-line zone" to stop the Libyan air force to shoot ba shccessivamente confirmed the danger of such a choice. The only concern was that the Northern League minister Maroni has been to emphasize repeatedly that Gaddafi would have meant the fall of the African invasion of Italy: in essence, the charitable interior minister is a dictator who works better nell'affondare boats full of desperate people rather than reinforce a process of democratic renewal in North Africa. Berlusconi has completed its esploits implying that responsibility for the failure of the removal from power of Gaddafi was one of those judges of the Hague Tribunal have identified that the massacres carried out by his partner "crimes against humanity" legitimately prosecuted. "Berlusconi is set: the fault is always of the judges. The frame of this picture has not uplifting story of Italian aid : fourth parties in trumpeting the creation of a "field Italy" that could accommodate at least 50,000 refugees massed on the border with Tunisia, it was folded in four tents to accommodate the logistics of the rescuer. A senior Tunisian commented: "A great country like Italy is a lot of stories for the 5000 people that have landed on Lampedusa in 20 days, and we Tunisians, full of problems, and poor Affan, we have nourished and provided tents during the same period of no less than 60 000 people.
II - French President Sarkozy, after being the last to download the Tunisian dictator Ben Ali and the Egyptian pharaoh Mubarak against Gaddafi has shouldered one of the swords of the 3 Musketeers and proclaimed, "bomb the positions of Gaddafi alone even without UN authorization. " Of course, it was careful not to do so despite the British prime minister has pretended to want to follow.
III - "Gaddafi must go!" he repeated a dozen times Barack Obama President of the USA. "Gaddafi must go!" echoed Hillary Clinton, U.S. Secretary of State. Who knows maybe some of the CIA strategist possessed some special quality of salt "to be put on the tail of the sparrow Libya." The fact is that the U.S. did not lift a finger using a screen as the likely opposition of the Arab League and Russia. Then the Arab League has ruled unanimously in favor of the "No Fly Zone" on Libya, while Vladimir Putin has solemnly proclaimed that Gaddafi must be expelled from the international political scene.
While all the above listed continuing to chatter chatter, Qaddafi continued his bombardment with modern aircraft, heavy artillery and a large amount of tanks. The rebels, four armed young men in the substance of their courage and their desire for freedom, are forced to back. Very
Italian newspapers, an old national habit, not too secretly cheering for the brilliant counter-attack of the colonel. They are unaware that some level of infamy, sooner or later you pay before history.
very worrying results: the victory of the Colonel would have significant consequences not only on the fate of the insurgents but also on the remaining western credibility. The story Libyan treatment other than those of Tunisia and Egypt, both domestically and outside. Not only because the center-periphery conflict and the intra-tribal roots undermine the potential of new social actors, such as young, emerging aTunisi and Cairo, for identification of subjects related to traditional clan or territorial. The Egyptian members age is more differentiated than the Libyan easier concat with flattery, threats, promises. "LafamigliaGhedda-fi is Libya," said the Colonel, and in this statement, imbued with an unparalleled will to power, there is a paradox of truth: after forty years of personal regime, its influence is much more extensive than was that of her neighbors set down. Libya is also less susceptible to outside pressure of the other two North African countries. In this context, Gaddafi has realized that he could play the card of resistance, relying on the time factor, the uncertainties Western, those Arab regimes fearful of the precedent, as well as the convergence of Moscow and Beijing aPalazzo diVetro. What is surprising is not the choice as that of Colonel, helpless, the West, the first rushing enthusiastically to support the insurgents, then to recognize them as the rising power, finally, abandoned to their fate made. Let me be clear: a military intervention, including the claimed "no fly zone" of operation, however the nature of war, is fraught with unknowns. But is it possible, after having gone that far, even the judicial level, turn a blind eye, simply call for the precise conditions and policies in the meantime see the satrap parade on horseback in Benghazi? Possible, after Obama ordered him to leave and Sarkozy has proposed to bomb his bunker? Certainly not: Ghedaffi is destined to become, once again, a pariah of the international community. Even if someone keeps looking at him as a lesser evil and cultivate the idea that he can continue to ensure oil flows and act as a breakwater to the masses of migrants. To remain reticent little hesitant to Italian, you can imagine that after the hereafter, you can restore the treaty between Italy and Libya "outstanding in practice"? And maybe resume joint patrols at sea in search of desperate? If Ghedaffi remain in power inevitably would look to Russia and China, respectively, decided to regain a place in the sun in the Mediterranean and meet the growing greed for oil. A resignation would immobility, however, vanish the credit earned in the Islamic world from America to Obama. The opposition in the Gulf, not just Iran but also Saudi, they would have more hope. Water for the mill of the radical Islamist declining thesis on "natural" and "inevitable" American support for the "wicked schemes."
a tragic dilemma, one that faces the West, where you play not only Lasorte the Colonel but also the forces that are fighting for democracy Crescent. In any case, a dilemma that must be dissolved immediately: time is running out now. If the rais
able to tame the insurgency and to remain in power, what will be the attitude of the U.S. and Europe?
The title of the article we just mentioned should be radically correct. We propose that a better photographer, the role that the so-called West, on the other in good company, played in the comparison mostly "played" with Colonel Gaddafi, now seems poised to an easy victory over the armed youths for more than just and have more courage to show the world that they are fed up with a clown dictator armed with a well-experienced bloody ferocity and a megalomaniac who has had more to the shortness to have an arsenal of modern and efficient.
course it is possible to rank among the different degrees of cowardly opportunism, in the face of substantial indifference to the fate of a democratic revolution from below game, and finally between the various manifestations of cialtroneria braggart.
I - The negative record as it is usual to Berlusconi and his court. Perhaps because it has certainly not forgotten the kiss-hand that was lavished with the Libyan Colonel, Berlusconi began after saying he had phoned in the early days of the uprising in Libya, saying that his partner "did not want to disturb him," he said mandating his dapper Foreign Minister (and soon we will see him in some fashion male) that had to be avoided interference of internal affairs of a sovereign state, the same Frattini also invented the strange theory that Italy "recognizes the states but not governments "to respond negatively to the proposals of those in Europe called for the recognition of the Provisional Government Benghazi; still Frattini, having called for the establishment of an "off-line zone" to stop the Libyan air force to shoot ba shccessivamente confirmed the danger of such a choice. The only concern was that the Northern League minister Maroni has been to emphasize repeatedly that Gaddafi would have meant the fall of the African invasion of Italy: in essence, the charitable interior minister is a dictator who works better nell'affondare boats full of desperate people rather than reinforce a process of democratic renewal in North Africa. Berlusconi has completed its esploits implying that responsibility for the failure of the removal from power of Gaddafi was one of those judges of the Hague Tribunal have identified that the massacres carried out by his partner "crimes against humanity" legitimately prosecuted. "Berlusconi is set: the fault is always of the judges. The frame of this picture has not uplifting story of Italian aid : fourth parties in trumpeting the creation of a "field Italy" that could accommodate at least 50,000 refugees massed on the border with Tunisia, it was folded in four tents to accommodate the logistics of the rescuer. A senior Tunisian commented: "A great country like Italy is a lot of stories for the 5000 people that have landed on Lampedusa in 20 days, and we Tunisians, full of problems, and poor Affan, we have nourished and provided tents during the same period of no less than 60 000 people.
II - French President Sarkozy, after being the last to download the Tunisian dictator Ben Ali and the Egyptian pharaoh Mubarak against Gaddafi has shouldered one of the swords of the 3 Musketeers and proclaimed, "bomb the positions of Gaddafi alone even without UN authorization. " Of course, it was careful not to do so despite the British prime minister has pretended to want to follow.
III - "Gaddafi must go!" he repeated a dozen times Barack Obama President of the USA. "Gaddafi must go!" echoed Hillary Clinton, U.S. Secretary of State. Who knows maybe some of the CIA strategist possessed some special quality of salt "to be put on the tail of the sparrow Libya." The fact is that the U.S. did not lift a finger using a screen as the likely opposition of the Arab League and Russia. Then the Arab League has ruled unanimously in favor of the "No Fly Zone" on Libya, while Vladimir Putin has solemnly proclaimed that Gaddafi must be expelled from the international political scene.
While all the above listed continuing to chatter chatter, Qaddafi continued his bombardment with modern aircraft, heavy artillery and a large amount of tanks. The rebels, four armed young men in the substance of their courage and their desire for freedom, are forced to back. Very
Italian newspapers, an old national habit, not too secretly cheering for the brilliant counter-attack of the colonel. They are unaware that some level of infamy, sooner or later you pay before history.
Saturday, March 12, 2011
Bloons Iphone Walkthrough
THE HISTORY OF ISLAM
Corriere della Sera, 12/03/2011
One of the most used to give an overview of the Islamic world is the counterfeit of total inferiority that women are forced to undergo to the point of being effectively excluded the vast majority of all forms of education. Perhaps it was during the years when most countries in the Muslim empire civilization of European colonialism, but today, apparently is not so. 
Corriere della Sera, 12/03/2011
One of the most used to give an overview of the Islamic world is the counterfeit of total inferiority that women are forced to undergo to the point of being effectively excluded the vast majority of all forms of education. Perhaps it was during the years when most countries in the Muslim empire civilization of European colonialism, but today, apparently is not so.
Friday, March 11, 2011
Should I Use Epsom Salts On A Sebaceous Cyst
Arab revolution - European colonialism
Abstract
Ostellino Piero, in his article that recalls the wanderings of Oriana Fallaci, argued among other nonsense that the Arabs do not even have the idea of \u200b\u200bfreedom and do not know what that means. In Arabic there is a word, Hurriyyat, which means freedom, and is almost unanimous belief of linguists, linguists and philosophers of that when there is a word in a language it is usually a concept or idea. The moment in the Arabic language is a word that means freedom follows that Arab cultural universe is also clear the idea of \u200b\u200bfreedom. But apart from considerations nominalist, who have a story for another search in the development of Western philosophical, Piero Ostellino and scoundrels like him should then explain why some of the longest wars of liberation against foreign domination and bloody have been fought by Arab nations, without exception, have been extended for a longer European colonial domination of the most ferocious and bloody : and would also explain why the process of decolonization began in the Arab countries and Muslims in general so much as to write the history of religions Ambrogio Donini, communist, probably the great intensity of the liberation struggles of the Arab countries have found their unusual root in the Islamic religion, which unlike other religions, hence can not be called "opium of peoples. "
For these reasons, we will start the exposure of the events of European colonialism in Muslim countries from the history of the struggle of the Algerian people against French rule.
The ALGERIA
After the dismemberment of the Arab Caliph Maghreb bought her a substantial historical and political autonomy. united again under the rule of Fatinidi, then under the dynasties of the Almoravids and Almohavi it \u200b\u200bwas then under different dynasties, but in fact the area was mostly within the large Bedouin tribes and Tuaregh before becoming the second decade of the sixteenth century a pasciàlato the Ottoman Empire. In fact, the Algerian coast became especially a basis of the Barbary pirates in the Mediterranean that raged in fierce competition with the activities of pirate character of the maritime republics of Genoa and Venice. The basic character of the Algerian pirates did not change even when at its helm was the sultan of Constantinople autocratic rule, the Dey (1711). The presence
European politics began in 800. To protect its market penetration which dated from the sixteenth century, France occupied Algiers in 1830, then gradually extended its dominance despite the persistent hostility of the population that certainly could not bear what may be considered the worst form of colonialism, namely colonialism of population that develops with the transfer of large masses of population by the colonial power to the colonized entities, with increasingly widespread phenomena of expropriation of land (especially the most fertile), made with gun violence. To give some examples have been of populating the Italian colonization of Libya or by more macroscopic example is the colonization of North America by Europeans that led to substantial destruction of the indigenous population. In modern times, a particularly ruthless colonization of population is engaged in what the Zionists in Palestine.
To break the resistance of the Algerian population, which began almost the aftermath of the occupation of Algiers, a shipment of about 37,000 men commanded by Marshal Boumont Duperré and led to the fall of Oran and Bona and the final capitulation of Algiers. France was able to gradually extend his rule despite its increasingly fierce resistance of Berber and Arab populations. From 1834 to affirm two powers who organized the resistance to the natives: Achmed the Bey of Constantine in the region and, in western Algeria Sheikh Abd El-Kader. On the other hand seemed to be of interest to the French, at least at first employment of maritime bases rather than the interior of the territories. So it was that they recognized in 1837 with the Treaty of Tahpenes the existence of two powers, and seemed to confirm the hypothesis employment limited. However, as expected, the French were quick to tear up the treaty. Abd El-Kader then organized a widespread armed resistance, but had to surrender despite the value in 1847. After being caught, almost in tribute to his value to the French authorities have refrained from sentencing him to death and were limited to exile him to the Sultan of Constantinople, where he lived until 1867, the year in which he strove valiantly in defense of Orthodox Christians persecuted by the rising nationalism turkish . That of Abd El-Kader was a real war, which followed a period of "pacification" which saw the suppression of sporadic rebellions (like the one in the region of Constantine in 1871), the partial removal of Bedouin tribes driven into the desert and their replacement by European settlers, and finally the establishment of a network of military stations on the mountains and steppes. Only in 1879 the work of subjugation of the natives could be called complete. To the military authorities were replaced by civilian ones, the country was organized by the administrative point of view as a French territory in all respects and were made common to the French administration and management are common to mixed (in which the representative bodies should always have a majority in French).
The assimilation policy of France, however, was only a facade because the Algerians certainly did not enjoy the same rights as French citizens, while the population Local was systematically and gradually deprived of their lands by violence.
The higher level of continued support to French colonialism in Algeria was also by members of the most important groups of major ports and business centers of the textile industry, including chambers of commerce representing local interests effectively. Of course, the economic interests of business groups built the reasons for the prestige of the Grand Nation and the glories of the "Mission civilis". So a member of the Chamber of Commerce of Lyon proclaimed: "Civilizing the peoples in the modern sense of the word means teaching them to work to earn money to spend, to trade."
E 'certain, however, that the most obvious impact on the type of French colonization in Algeria had destructive effects on the Algerian people. The first and most obvious consequence was the decline in population within half a century was a decrease of one million inhabitants. Since colonization of population fail to achieve consistent profits, the French colonial authorities eliminating all forms of investment aimed at promoting the development of infrastructure and public education. The illiteracy rate among the indigenous population especially women increased massively, and this prevents the formation of an Arab ruling class. We add to this a general attitude of contempt racist individual relations with the Arabs and you have a complete picture of what has been called "CIVILIZATION FRANCAISE" in Algeria.
theorists of the colonization of Algeria and their opponents shared the same image in the Arab world and Islam. Alexis De Tocqueville, sent by the French parliament in Algeria to study the different policies of colonization that could be applied with a view to better utilization of human and material resources, wrote before the trip and without a known inhabitant of the colony: "Anarchy Arabs, so fatal to these people is very harmful for us, why do not we having neither the intention nor the power to subdue them immediately with weapons, we can only hope to act on them in the long term, through contact with our ideas and our arts, and this can take place only if a certain order and peace will reign between them. Moreover, the anarchy that drives the tribes against each other, the precipitates continuously towards us and remove any security at our borders. "
few years later, Karl Marx, he went to Algeria to treat a pneumonia. He was limited to find that racism caused by colonial society, but not a single word devoted to Arab culture and society. In his correspondence with Engels, there is a letter dated January 22, 1848 in which Engels, who was following closely the events Algerian referring to Marx: "In short, our view is that the newspaper" The reform "is very happy that the Arab leader has been captured. The struggle of the Bedouins was hopeless, but even if it is deprorevole the ruthless way in which war was conducted by soldiers as brutal Buyaud, the conquest of Algeria is an important fact and conducive to the advancement of civilization. The actions of states Barbary pirates, the British government did not stop until disturbed his ships could not finish it with the capture of one of these states, and the conquest of Algeria has already forced the Bey of Tunis and Tripoli and the Emperor of Morocco to engage in the path of civilization. They were forced find jobs for their people than by piracy and other means to fill the boxes that were not paid by the purchase smaller states of Europe. And if you can blame that freedom and independence have been destroyed, we must not forget that these Bedouin Arabs are a nation of thieves, whose main livelihood was to make inroads against each other in the villages and sedentary , appropriating everything they met, slaughtering all who resisted, and selling the rest of the prisoners as slaves. These people are barbarians at large seem to be very proud, noble, glorious when viewed from afar, but closer enough to discover that, like most civilized nations, are moved by a thirst of gain, just means they use more vulgar and more cruel. After all, the modern bourgeois civilization, industry, policy and science that brings with it is still preferable to the sheikh or feudal robber and barbarous condition of society to which he belongs and where prosperous. "
Enlightened by such beliefs, the French did in Algeria fertile ground to their criteria of civilization and colonization: to take the most fertile land, destroy all forms of self-development, from crafts to trade, forcing the nomadic peoples of the poorest regions no large cities, the latter creating Europeanize neighborhoods clean, tidy and equipped with every comfort for the French and relegate the lumpen proletariat and the Algerian anti sanitary districts, miserable, dismal economic structure with a below even the mere existence.
only at the beginning of the 900 'there was some sign of change. To the military authorities were replaced by civilian ones, with the system that the "Bureaux Arades" the French ruled the Algerian authorities relying on local tribal attempting a parallel policy of assimilation very difficult, which was limited to the indigenous elements to achieve more intelligent and above more willing submission to some degree which would allow its use in lower levels of the bureaucracy, especially the indigenous enlistment in the armed forces, of course, the troops in the most simple and graded.
During the Second World War, Algeria was the scene of Anglo-American landings and fighting against the French who had joined "the Republic of Vichy" and against the German troops, there was a greater involvement of the armed forces of the Free French led by General De Gaulle of soldiers, even non-commissioned officers and Algerians. The value that was deployed by the Arabs in the immediate post-war France declared Algeria an integral part of the metropolitan area, and was thus set up a meeting in Algeria and granted the right to send deputies to the assembly French National Assembly in Paris. The right of representation, however, was given equally to the Arab majority and the minority of French origin, which had the privileged part of the population. Among Arab citizens, heavily discriminated against in every aspect of society discontent condensed at first only in opposition politics, while the majority Berber Kabyle Atlas began to spread through a bloody guerrilla war that was intensified rapidly and that ' French army crushed with merciless hardness.
was born in 1954 a revolutionary committee for Unity and Action (CRUA) and November 1 of that year broke out under the guidance of the National Liberation Front, the armed uprising. There followed years of bloody conflict, some governments in the metropolis could not overcome a military solution will start otherwise, for the opposition of senior echelons of the military will not declare won in comparison with "ragged Four terrorists," the obstinacy of the settlers French in Algeria who were unwilling to give up the privileges acquired and their high standard of living and uncompromising right-wing nationalist movements (ultras). The situation became particularly explosive in the city of Algiers, where FLN firmly rooted in the Arab Casbah organized a formidable network that, in response to a terrorist attack that provoked the French police in the Arab neighborhood almost a hundred victims, began with the murder of the policemen to go to the French armed assaults to police stations and barracks and ending with the deadly terrorist attacks against public places of European cities that caused thousands of victims. The French government reacted by sending a unit of paratroopers in Algiers already distinguished themselves in the massacres of Kabylia and led by Colonel Masu: they ordered an extensive police control over the city of Algiers and other major Algerian cities, using torture as a common method of warfare: circumstances which caused this reaction in the same disgusted French public opinion and intellectuals led by JPSartre. The FLN in the Casbah seemed vanquished; but it was clear that France could not hope to maintain its control on Algeria, partly because the tough fight that the Algerian Liberation Army continued to lead in extra-urban regions, forced the UN to consider the "question Algerian "and to advocate a solution that recognized the right of the Algerian people to self-determination. The French governments had substantial swings and sway on the solution to be adopted and in the late 50 'seemed to favor a peaceful solution. The right-wing forces and the Algerian ex-conservative parties of the metropolis, with the active support of the armed forces gave rise to a quasi-coup in 1958 which destroyed the Fourth Republic came out. Unable
to cope with the situation was called to the head of government General De Gaulle felt alone has the authority and ability to accept the inevitability of Algerian independence to France. In 1960 he made preliminary contacts with the Provisional Government of the Republic of Algeria (GPRA), formed in 1958 under the chairmanship of the great leader Ferhat Abbas. In 1961, Algerians and French announced the opening of negotiations, which ended in March 1962 with an announcement of independence. Peace talks provoked attempts at revolt in Algeria by the ultras led by four generals, but the Algerian independence had been accepted: 1 July 1962 it was ratified by a referendum and proclaimed the next day.
The long struggle for freedom to the Algerian people had cost no less than two million deaths. In this long struggle
contributors to the heroic, unequaled Algerian women, who played in the mass army of national liberation resisting torture, rapes and executions at par with their men. 
Abstract
Ostellino Piero, in his article that recalls the wanderings of Oriana Fallaci, argued among other nonsense that the Arabs do not even have the idea of \u200b\u200bfreedom and do not know what that means. In Arabic there is a word, Hurriyyat, which means freedom, and is almost unanimous belief of linguists, linguists and philosophers of that when there is a word in a language it is usually a concept or idea. The moment in the Arabic language is a word that means freedom follows that Arab cultural universe is also clear the idea of \u200b\u200bfreedom. But apart from considerations nominalist, who have a story for another search in the development of Western philosophical, Piero Ostellino and scoundrels like him should then explain why some of the longest wars of liberation against foreign domination and bloody have been fought by Arab nations, without exception, have been extended for a longer European colonial domination of the most ferocious and bloody : and would also explain why the process of decolonization began in the Arab countries and Muslims in general so much as to write the history of religions Ambrogio Donini, communist, probably the great intensity of the liberation struggles of the Arab countries have found their unusual root in the Islamic religion, which unlike other religions, hence can not be called "opium of peoples. "
For these reasons, we will start the exposure of the events of European colonialism in Muslim countries from the history of the struggle of the Algerian people against French rule.
The ALGERIA
After the dismemberment of the Arab Caliph Maghreb bought her a substantial historical and political autonomy. united again under the rule of Fatinidi, then under the dynasties of the Almoravids and Almohavi it \u200b\u200bwas then under different dynasties, but in fact the area was mostly within the large Bedouin tribes and Tuaregh before becoming the second decade of the sixteenth century a pasciàlato the Ottoman Empire. In fact, the Algerian coast became especially a basis of the Barbary pirates in the Mediterranean that raged in fierce competition with the activities of pirate character of the maritime republics of Genoa and Venice. The basic character of the Algerian pirates did not change even when at its helm was the sultan of Constantinople autocratic rule, the Dey (1711). The presence
European politics began in 800. To protect its market penetration which dated from the sixteenth century, France occupied Algiers in 1830, then gradually extended its dominance despite the persistent hostility of the population that certainly could not bear what may be considered the worst form of colonialism, namely colonialism of population that develops with the transfer of large masses of population by the colonial power to the colonized entities, with increasingly widespread phenomena of expropriation of land (especially the most fertile), made with gun violence. To give some examples have been of populating the Italian colonization of Libya or by more macroscopic example is the colonization of North America by Europeans that led to substantial destruction of the indigenous population. In modern times, a particularly ruthless colonization of population is engaged in what the Zionists in Palestine.
To break the resistance of the Algerian population, which began almost the aftermath of the occupation of Algiers, a shipment of about 37,000 men commanded by Marshal Boumont Duperré and led to the fall of Oran and Bona and the final capitulation of Algiers. France was able to gradually extend his rule despite its increasingly fierce resistance of Berber and Arab populations. From 1834 to affirm two powers who organized the resistance to the natives: Achmed the Bey of Constantine in the region and, in western Algeria Sheikh Abd El-Kader. On the other hand seemed to be of interest to the French, at least at first employment of maritime bases rather than the interior of the territories. So it was that they recognized in 1837 with the Treaty of Tahpenes the existence of two powers, and seemed to confirm the hypothesis employment limited. However, as expected, the French were quick to tear up the treaty. Abd El-Kader then organized a widespread armed resistance, but had to surrender despite the value in 1847. After being caught, almost in tribute to his value to the French authorities have refrained from sentencing him to death and were limited to exile him to the Sultan of Constantinople, where he lived until 1867, the year in which he strove valiantly in defense of Orthodox Christians persecuted by the rising nationalism turkish . That of Abd El-Kader was a real war, which followed a period of "pacification" which saw the suppression of sporadic rebellions (like the one in the region of Constantine in 1871), the partial removal of Bedouin tribes driven into the desert and their replacement by European settlers, and finally the establishment of a network of military stations on the mountains and steppes. Only in 1879 the work of subjugation of the natives could be called complete. To the military authorities were replaced by civilian ones, the country was organized by the administrative point of view as a French territory in all respects and were made common to the French administration and management are common to mixed (in which the representative bodies should always have a majority in French).
The assimilation policy of France, however, was only a facade because the Algerians certainly did not enjoy the same rights as French citizens, while the population Local was systematically and gradually deprived of their lands by violence.
The higher level of continued support to French colonialism in Algeria was also by members of the most important groups of major ports and business centers of the textile industry, including chambers of commerce representing local interests effectively. Of course, the economic interests of business groups built the reasons for the prestige of the Grand Nation and the glories of the "Mission civilis". So a member of the Chamber of Commerce of Lyon proclaimed: "Civilizing the peoples in the modern sense of the word means teaching them to work to earn money to spend, to trade."
E 'certain, however, that the most obvious impact on the type of French colonization in Algeria had destructive effects on the Algerian people. The first and most obvious consequence was the decline in population within half a century was a decrease of one million inhabitants. Since colonization of population fail to achieve consistent profits, the French colonial authorities eliminating all forms of investment aimed at promoting the development of infrastructure and public education. The illiteracy rate among the indigenous population especially women increased massively, and this prevents the formation of an Arab ruling class. We add to this a general attitude of contempt racist individual relations with the Arabs and you have a complete picture of what has been called "CIVILIZATION FRANCAISE" in Algeria.
theorists of the colonization of Algeria and their opponents shared the same image in the Arab world and Islam. Alexis De Tocqueville, sent by the French parliament in Algeria to study the different policies of colonization that could be applied with a view to better utilization of human and material resources, wrote before the trip and without a known inhabitant of the colony: "Anarchy Arabs, so fatal to these people is very harmful for us, why do not we having neither the intention nor the power to subdue them immediately with weapons, we can only hope to act on them in the long term, through contact with our ideas and our arts, and this can take place only if a certain order and peace will reign between them. Moreover, the anarchy that drives the tribes against each other, the precipitates continuously towards us and remove any security at our borders. "
few years later, Karl Marx, he went to Algeria to treat a pneumonia. He was limited to find that racism caused by colonial society, but not a single word devoted to Arab culture and society. In his correspondence with Engels, there is a letter dated January 22, 1848 in which Engels, who was following closely the events Algerian referring to Marx: "In short, our view is that the newspaper" The reform "is very happy that the Arab leader has been captured. The struggle of the Bedouins was hopeless, but even if it is deprorevole the ruthless way in which war was conducted by soldiers as brutal Buyaud, the conquest of Algeria is an important fact and conducive to the advancement of civilization. The actions of states Barbary pirates, the British government did not stop until disturbed his ships could not finish it with the capture of one of these states, and the conquest of Algeria has already forced the Bey of Tunis and Tripoli and the Emperor of Morocco to engage in the path of civilization. They were forced find jobs for their people than by piracy and other means to fill the boxes that were not paid by the purchase smaller states of Europe. And if you can blame that freedom and independence have been destroyed, we must not forget that these Bedouin Arabs are a nation of thieves, whose main livelihood was to make inroads against each other in the villages and sedentary , appropriating everything they met, slaughtering all who resisted, and selling the rest of the prisoners as slaves. These people are barbarians at large seem to be very proud, noble, glorious when viewed from afar, but closer enough to discover that, like most civilized nations, are moved by a thirst of gain, just means they use more vulgar and more cruel. After all, the modern bourgeois civilization, industry, policy and science that brings with it is still preferable to the sheikh or feudal robber and barbarous condition of society to which he belongs and where prosperous. "
Enlightened by such beliefs, the French did in Algeria fertile ground to their criteria of civilization and colonization: to take the most fertile land, destroy all forms of self-development, from crafts to trade, forcing the nomadic peoples of the poorest regions no large cities, the latter creating Europeanize neighborhoods clean, tidy and equipped with every comfort for the French and relegate the lumpen proletariat and the Algerian anti sanitary districts, miserable, dismal economic structure with a below even the mere existence.
only at the beginning of the 900 'there was some sign of change. To the military authorities were replaced by civilian ones, with the system that the "Bureaux Arades" the French ruled the Algerian authorities relying on local tribal attempting a parallel policy of assimilation very difficult, which was limited to the indigenous elements to achieve more intelligent and above more willing submission to some degree which would allow its use in lower levels of the bureaucracy, especially the indigenous enlistment in the armed forces, of course, the troops in the most simple and graded.
During the Second World War, Algeria was the scene of Anglo-American landings and fighting against the French who had joined "the Republic of Vichy" and against the German troops, there was a greater involvement of the armed forces of the Free French led by General De Gaulle of soldiers, even non-commissioned officers and Algerians. The value that was deployed by the Arabs in the immediate post-war France declared Algeria an integral part of the metropolitan area, and was thus set up a meeting in Algeria and granted the right to send deputies to the assembly French National Assembly in Paris. The right of representation, however, was given equally to the Arab majority and the minority of French origin, which had the privileged part of the population. Among Arab citizens, heavily discriminated against in every aspect of society discontent condensed at first only in opposition politics, while the majority Berber Kabyle Atlas began to spread through a bloody guerrilla war that was intensified rapidly and that ' French army crushed with merciless hardness.
was born in 1954 a revolutionary committee for Unity and Action (CRUA) and November 1 of that year broke out under the guidance of the National Liberation Front, the armed uprising. There followed years of bloody conflict, some governments in the metropolis could not overcome a military solution will start otherwise, for the opposition of senior echelons of the military will not declare won in comparison with "ragged Four terrorists," the obstinacy of the settlers French in Algeria who were unwilling to give up the privileges acquired and their high standard of living and uncompromising right-wing nationalist movements (ultras). The situation became particularly explosive in the city of Algiers, where FLN firmly rooted in the Arab Casbah organized a formidable network that, in response to a terrorist attack that provoked the French police in the Arab neighborhood almost a hundred victims, began with the murder of the policemen to go to the French armed assaults to police stations and barracks and ending with the deadly terrorist attacks against public places of European cities that caused thousands of victims. The French government reacted by sending a unit of paratroopers in Algiers already distinguished themselves in the massacres of Kabylia and led by Colonel Masu: they ordered an extensive police control over the city of Algiers and other major Algerian cities, using torture as a common method of warfare: circumstances which caused this reaction in the same disgusted French public opinion and intellectuals led by JPSartre. The FLN in the Casbah seemed vanquished; but it was clear that France could not hope to maintain its control on Algeria, partly because the tough fight that the Algerian Liberation Army continued to lead in extra-urban regions, forced the UN to consider the "question Algerian "and to advocate a solution that recognized the right of the Algerian people to self-determination. The French governments had substantial swings and sway on the solution to be adopted and in the late 50 'seemed to favor a peaceful solution. The right-wing forces and the Algerian ex-conservative parties of the metropolis, with the active support of the armed forces gave rise to a quasi-coup in 1958 which destroyed the Fourth Republic came out. Unable
to cope with the situation was called to the head of government General De Gaulle felt alone has the authority and ability to accept the inevitability of Algerian independence to France. In 1960 he made preliminary contacts with the Provisional Government of the Republic of Algeria (GPRA), formed in 1958 under the chairmanship of the great leader Ferhat Abbas. In 1961, Algerians and French announced the opening of negotiations, which ended in March 1962 with an announcement of independence. Peace talks provoked attempts at revolt in Algeria by the ultras led by four generals, but the Algerian independence had been accepted: 1 July 1962 it was ratified by a referendum and proclaimed the next day.
The long struggle for freedom to the Algerian people had cost no less than two million deaths. In this long struggle
contributors to the heroic, unequaled Algerian women, who played in the mass army of national liberation resisting torture, rapes and executions at par with their men.
Wednesday, March 9, 2011
Masterbate In The Car
LETTER
player thank that publishing his letter.
Good evening, Mr. Sunday I had the opportunity to see her several times in some service on TVA Vicenza and tonight I tried finding it, the site vicenza Islam. For a while I'm trying to understand the culture Islam for two reasons: they are fascinated and want to understand why they are so suspicious of everyone and I do not. Especially the latter was born in me after hearing about it for years without the Islamic question, unfortunately, never pause to understand. We are in a society where everything, including information, must be lodged in a fast and concise, otherwise the vast majority of people will not be attracted and, I might add, enough conditioning. When you say look great just the titles written in the newspapers without reading the article and make some summary conclusions ... This inevitably leads to upset even simple concepts with the appearance of racism.
player thank that publishing his letter.
Good evening, Mr. Sunday I had the opportunity to see her several times in some service on TVA Vicenza and tonight I tried finding it, the site vicenza Islam. For a while I'm trying to understand the culture Islam for two reasons: they are fascinated and want to understand why they are so suspicious of everyone and I do not. Especially the latter was born in me after hearing about it for years without the Islamic question, unfortunately, never pause to understand. We are in a society where everything, including information, must be lodged in a fast and concise, otherwise the vast majority of people will not be attracted and, I might add, enough conditioning. When you say look great just the titles written in the newspapers without reading the article and make some summary conclusions ... This inevitably leads to upset even simple concepts with the appearance of racism.
The thing I do not understand is how to speak a few times and in a manner so entirely surface of a culture such as Islam on television: a tool for entertainment but also a possible source of knowledge. I think I have ever seen a television lounge dedicated to this and other cultures unless in controversy. I, for when I have internet, I watch less and less because I am convinced that, nowadays, is more effective than the web, simply because you have the opportunity to hear many different ideas about the most diverse and especially having the opportunity to still quite independently choose what to see. Even culture.
Besides this brief polemic, I wanted to, with this message, her compliments for his writing on his blog in defense of Islam. I found many interesting articles that help to "resize" and clarity. Perhaps she will seem idiotic but her figure is just an intermediary between the "Western" culture and Islam. If there were more people like you, probably there would be many tensions dictated by ignorance. Ignorance is when you do not know, or perhaps much worse, when we do not bother to understand.
hope the good work. The greeting and: See you soon!
Where To Rent Gowns In Manila
a blog reader intelligence and stupidity 'A COMPARISON
Example of Intelligence: An article by Roger Cohen, The Republic 09/03/2011
Spring and Winter Arab western
Sir Howard Davies, rector of the London School of Economics had the decency to resign because of the financial hook University with Gaddafi and his errors on appeal. If only it were an isolated case. The Arab Spring is also the winter of the West. I am pleased that the U.S. and Europe support the awakening that goes from Bahrain in Benghazi. But I have not heard enough self-criticism. The U.S. Congress and legislatures in all Western should take questions: why we have supported, encouraged and exploited the brutality of Arab dictators for so many years? Up to that point cynically encouraging increases its despots that jihadist anger that Western societies are trying to curb? The West has long been aware of the misdeeds of people like Hosni Mubarak and Gaddafi. Hisham Matar, the Libyan acclaimed writer, has published a new novel titled Anatomy of a Disappearance (Anatomy of a disappearance) His father, Jaballa, disappeared from his apartment in Cairo in 1990, kidnapped by agents of the Egyptian security that took him to Libya. For more than ten years we have lost track of this man of culture. The last time he was seen by a former diplomat at the notorious Abu Salim prison in Tripoli. His crime was to believe in democracy and freedom. It vanished, leaving a very good writer in pain, to ask - if his father is dead - "you know how, why and when it happened." Here the axis Cairo-Tripoli. Were comfortable, Mubarak and Gaddafi, for intelligence, illegal detentions, and the Israeli cold peace with the Egyptians, for oil and gas as the Libyans. They were also murderers. Gaddafi has massacred more than a thousand political prisoners in Abu Salim in June 1996. Jaballa Matar was among them? The names are important. The skulls in the sand were once sentient beings who call for justice. Throughout the Western world was complicit in pain Hisham Matar, whose first novel, In the Country of Men was scheduled for the Man Booker Prize. The West has embraced every Arab dictator overthrown by the people today who have rights and hungry for life. In an interview with the New Yorker Matar called this "the right time because the Americans to reflect on how thirty years have allowed their elected representatives to support a ruthless dictatorship like that of Mubarak. The time to ask, for example, what are the reasons that led to the current vice president of the United States to say, no later than Jan. 27, that Mubarak is a dictator. " I think Joseph Biden could give an answer. For many reasons I am opposed to a Western military intervention in Libya: the bitter experience in Iraq, the importance of Arab liberation movements, the ease of entry and the difficulty to get out, the allegations point to the West to poison the oil field and the fact that two Western wars in Muslim countries are inadequate. But the deeper reason is the moral bankruptcy of the West than the Arab world. The Arabs do not need U.S. or European troops to get the freedom that America and the EU have denied them quietly. Gaddafi may be weakened without Western military intervention. Can not Win an officer at the end I will explain. Timothy Garton Ash, in his book Facts are Subversive quotes the Polish poet Czeslaw Milosz: "Do not think about safety. / The poet remembers. / You can kill - another one nascerà. / words and deeds will be recorded. "Yes, the poet remembers and acts of Gaddafi - his crimes - will be recorded. One day we will know what happened to Jaballa Matar and countless deaths. I just saw the wonderful film by Mohamed Al-Daradji, Son of Babylon, where a Kurdish Iraqi woman searches in vain son died in 1991 at the hands of Saddam Hussein. At one point he says: "I looked in the prisons, now I am among the graves." We give a name to the dead, a date for the crimes, and details of our complicity. I know that the world is unfair: no one has broken the words of Dr. Brahimi three months ago. All the more reason to be tough today. The protagonist of the new novel by Matar observes: "At times the absence of my father weighs as much as a child sitting on his chest." The search for - "in everything and everyone, the very existence has become evocative of a possible likeness. " The infamous Libyan regime that knows the answer must fall because they know the truth. It's time to closure.
rare example of gross stupidity, peppered with vulgar clichés, ignorance, rude and fierce anti-Islamism that disqualified the author:
Article by Piero Ostellino, Corriere della Sera 09/03/2011
The prophecy of Oriana (Fallaci)
Example of Intelligence: An article by Roger Cohen, The Republic 09/03/2011
Spring and Winter Arab western
gave him a cap with the logo of the university - a tradition, he says, began with the same tribute to Nelson Mandela. Maybe you can fall lower but right now I can not imagine how.
Sir Howard Davies, rector of the London School of Economics had the decency to resign because of the financial hook University with Gaddafi and his errors on appeal. If only it were an isolated case. The Arab Spring is also the winter of the West. I am pleased that the U.S. and Europe support the awakening that goes from Bahrain in Benghazi. But I have not heard enough self-criticism. The U.S. Congress and legislatures in all Western should take questions: why we have supported, encouraged and exploited the brutality of Arab dictators for so many years? Up to that point cynically encouraging increases its despots that jihadist anger that Western societies are trying to curb? The West has long been aware of the misdeeds of people like Hosni Mubarak and Gaddafi. Hisham Matar, the Libyan acclaimed writer, has published a new novel titled Anatomy of a Disappearance (Anatomy of a disappearance) His father, Jaballa, disappeared from his apartment in Cairo in 1990, kidnapped by agents of the Egyptian security that took him to Libya. For more than ten years we have lost track of this man of culture. The last time he was seen by a former diplomat at the notorious Abu Salim prison in Tripoli. His crime was to believe in democracy and freedom. It vanished, leaving a very good writer in pain, to ask - if his father is dead - "you know how, why and when it happened." Here the axis Cairo-Tripoli. Were comfortable, Mubarak and Gaddafi, for intelligence, illegal detentions, and the Israeli cold peace with the Egyptians, for oil and gas as the Libyans. They were also murderers. Gaddafi has massacred more than a thousand political prisoners in Abu Salim in June 1996. Jaballa Matar was among them? The names are important. The skulls in the sand were once sentient beings who call for justice. Throughout the Western world was complicit in pain Hisham Matar, whose first novel, In the Country of Men was scheduled for the Man Booker Prize. The West has embraced every Arab dictator overthrown by the people today who have rights and hungry for life. In an interview with the New Yorker Matar called this "the right time because the Americans to reflect on how thirty years have allowed their elected representatives to support a ruthless dictatorship like that of Mubarak. The time to ask, for example, what are the reasons that led to the current vice president of the United States to say, no later than Jan. 27, that Mubarak is a dictator. " I think Joseph Biden could give an answer. For many reasons I am opposed to a Western military intervention in Libya: the bitter experience in Iraq, the importance of Arab liberation movements, the ease of entry and the difficulty to get out, the allegations point to the West to poison the oil field and the fact that two Western wars in Muslim countries are inadequate. But the deeper reason is the moral bankruptcy of the West than the Arab world. The Arabs do not need U.S. or European troops to get the freedom that America and the EU have denied them quietly. Gaddafi may be weakened without Western military intervention. Can not Win an officer at the end I will explain. Timothy Garton Ash, in his book Facts are Subversive quotes the Polish poet Czeslaw Milosz: "Do not think about safety. / The poet remembers. / You can kill - another one nascerà. / words and deeds will be recorded. "Yes, the poet remembers and acts of Gaddafi - his crimes - will be recorded. One day we will know what happened to Jaballa Matar and countless deaths. I just saw the wonderful film by Mohamed Al-Daradji, Son of Babylon, where a Kurdish Iraqi woman searches in vain son died in 1991 at the hands of Saddam Hussein. At one point he says: "I looked in the prisons, now I am among the graves." We give a name to the dead, a date for the crimes, and details of our complicity. I know that the world is unfair: no one has broken the words of Dr. Brahimi three months ago. All the more reason to be tough today. The protagonist of the new novel by Matar observes: "At times the absence of my father weighs as much as a child sitting on his chest." The search for - "in everything and everyone, the very existence has become evocative of a possible likeness. " The infamous Libyan regime that knows the answer must fall because they know the truth. It's time to closure.
rare example of gross stupidity, peppered with vulgar clichés, ignorance, rude and fierce anti-Islamism that disqualified the author:
Article by Piero Ostellino, Corriere della Sera 09/03/2011
The prophecy of Oriana (Fallaci)
The revolt of the people in African countries bordering the Mediterranean drawing, in perspective, two scenarios - one for those same countries, the other for Europe - asymmetric and even paradoxical. Scenario in the countries concerned: the fall of the tyrants who had ruled for a long time, keeping their populations in a state of backwardness cultural and political opening, perhaps, the possibility of their stabilization by the military juntas, equally illiberal. The hope of democratic development that the West should encourage in every way, it seems currently nearby. You can, however, the emergence of a globalist bourgeoisie, and utilitarian marketism to inject into the civil society, if not principles, at least social customs and economic closer to the West.
Scenario in Europe: 'arrival of masses of refugees, fleeing from those countries prior to their stabilization, threatens to increase the rate of' Islamisation '. The asymmetry and the paradox, of the two scenarios is that while some Islamic countries would step forward on the path of secularization and modernization, Europe would make it a back down to a more difficult coexistence between the two "civilizations" incompatible social and political as well than on the religious.
is the scenery - the "suicide of Europe" - Oriana Fallaci believed to have guessed after the attack to Twin Towers of New York. "A Europe that - then already written - is no longer Europe, but Eurabia." And so described: "In each of our cities there is another town ... A foreign city that speaks its own language and observes its own customs, a Muslim city. " "An enemy that in the name of humanitarianism and accept political asylum to thousands at a time (...). Never mind if the family is often composed of two or three wives, never mind if his wife or wives of the smashing blows, never mind if not rarely kills daughter in blue jeans. "
While denouncing "the indulgence of the Catholic Church (...) contrary to Islam that seeks the destruction of all Christianity, "Fallaci did not want to" promote a war of religion 'was limited to wonder what was "in a civilian of civilization that does not even know the meaning of freedom. " It was, therefore, (only) a declaration of a "diversity" that threatened to result in the anthropological defeat of the Jewish-Christian civilization and extinction of the weakest political culture, because it is more tolerant than liberal.
is hard to say - because it is too early to say - If the ominous prophecy of Oriana will be achieved. But, except - as you expected - that 'Muslims' acceptance of a dialogue with Christians, contrary to other religions (or atheists), is "social consequences" of the differences between Islam and Christianity, as Pope wisely suggests Ratzinger, however, it would have to open a dialogue with those who come from us. To find out if it really wants to live in harmony with us.
We would have done without publishing a succession of difficult to imitate vulgarity uncultivated as that contained in Piero Ostellino, "illustrious signature" (so to speak ..) of the Courier della Sera, but I am a strong supporter of the rule in Latin Uni que suum (To each his own). Piero Ostellino has recently revived his reputation by saying, commenting on the efforts of the erotic "Silvio National and handsome profits that they have secured a heterogeneous group of comely young women (some minor), that" She would do well to remember that sitting on his treasure. " The gimmick is a shining example of the account in which this gentleman holds the female, perhaps that's why imagine that Muslims used to cover the blows cut the throats of their wives or daughters of habit they wear jeans or take avalanche of wives, shut in a suitcase, transported in Italy are also in their from illegal migration. The argument is good to do some clarification:
1 - Almost all of the rights of the family of Muslim states have abolished polygamy, the rest of this practice is not one of those enhanced by the Qur'an admits that in the case of a father to give orphans married to the mother when it comes to a dead husband to the widow of his brother (the emasculated: existing practice among the Jews) or when a man wants to make a descent while having a barren wife (this widespread practice in the Jewish world)
2 - Over the past five years there have been three cases of women killed by their Muslim fathers for issues "of morality." At the same time Italian women killed by husbands, former husbands, lovers, former lovers, boyfriends, former boyfriends and relatives were usually several hundred. "What is the Christian habit of killing the women?". Of course Ostellino forget that in the Italian penal code until 1978 there was an article which punished with paltry penalties for murder because of honor (I saw the film by Pietro Germi, "Divorce Italian Style").
3 - In our countries, including Italy is not officially polygamy. But as there are men who with his wife hit affectionate friendships with one or more lovers?.
4 - I know many Muslim families and I do not ever come across in the case of a husband who kills and beat his wife. It is, moreover, that 60% of Italian women in the home suffers all sorts of physical, moral and often sexual.
Jesus said, "Why do you see the speck that is in your neighbor and do not think the beam in your own eye?". That brings us to question more seriously, what about The Prophecy of Oriana Fallaci, a Europe destined to become "Eurabia" due to the increasingly massive invasion of Arab immigrants (Islamic fundamentalists and terrorists), refractory to learn our language and tend to be committed to creating a nation foreign to the Italian, even if located on our soil. Again, they need a lot of details:
1 - The Arabs who come to Italy as immigrants are almost all from the Maghreb, and then French. The Italian and learn it quickly if they set their children a family should be in Italian schools and learn our language, so after a few years at home we speak only Italian;
2 - The vast majority of Muslim immigrants work and contribute to GDP of our country and to even the score dell'IMPS otherwise deficient. Unlike so many billionaires Italian tax evaders, the workers of Arab origin are charged taxes;
3 - The 'Eurabia "was not a prophecy that Oriana Fallaci has given birth in the night his delusions in the last years of his miserable and lonely existence but is was a historical and cultural reality in mind in the history of our continent:
A - The 'Eurabia lived for 800 years in medieval Spain and Sicily for 400 years. With it there has been a flowering of civilization and culture among the highest in human history. As Sheikh Feisal the Hashemite dell'Hezjaz, comrades of Lawrence of Arabia ("I still dream about the gardens of oranges from eighty mosques in Palermo and the University of Toledo where, by statute, had to teach teachers Arabs, Jews, and especially English and dream of the fountains and the mosque of Cordoba Granada, a city of half a million inhabitants it had in the ninth century km of public lighting in the streets at night;
B - The 'Eurabia' still exists today in about 300 words in our language that they speak with words of Arabic origin of astronomy, mathematics, chemistry, business organization, clothing and products of the earth, not to mention 20% of the words English language of Arabic origin. Escapes Ostellino that modern science has its roots in Arab culture of medieval Europe barbarized a grace which has taken over the rough and philosophy and the wisdom of Greece;
C - The 'Eurabia' is relived in some works of ' German Enlightenment, from Lessing to Goethe, who wrote that East and West were to merge into a higher civilization based on brotherhood, on beauty and tolerance. The chairman of the Federal Republic of Germany Wolff, in celebrating the anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall, said he was proud of the 3 million German citizens of Turkish origin and Islamic religion, while the English Constitution has put in writing his article that the Arab culture is a necessary element of the identity English;
D - The 'Eurabia "was actually living in the great dream of Frederick II excommunicated for his friendship with the sultan of Egypt from one of the popes to satisfy the instincts of the aristocracy and bloodthirsty marauders France, is organizing a crusade that Frederick refused. That dream paid off: the University of Naples School of Medicine Salerno was founded by the great emperor without papal bull, and he called to teach teachers Arabs, Jews, Greeks and Latins.
The list is long, but as Jesus said in one of his hadith, "Islam" (collected essays from Syria in the eleventh century):
"With the power that God has given me I have done many miracles, I made the walk lame, I have restored sight to the blind, cleansed the lepers, and I've even resurrected the dead. Only a miracle I was able to accomplish. Transforming a stupid smart person. "
"With the power that God has given me I have done many miracles, I made the walk lame, I have restored sight to the blind, cleansed the lepers, and I've even resurrected the dead. Only a miracle I was able to accomplish. Transforming a stupid smart person. "
Ostellino Council to read the following books: "Islam" of the German theologian Hans Kung, "History of the Middle Ages" by Umberto Eco.
hostel but go to study it ...
Tuesday, March 8, 2011
Wedding Card Vendors For Afghans
History of Islam - The spread of Islam in Asia and Africa
The spread of Islam in Asia and Africa: The
- Timur and the Timurid Empire in Central Asia:
Timur
"Born in the ancient Kesh, now Shahrisabz, garden city (50 miles south of Samarkand), in today's Uzbekistan, Tamerlane came from turkish-Mongol tribe of Barlas, settled in that region. The tribe that was part of the despised karaunas (the " half-breed "). He was the son of the head dell'ulus (tribe), called Taraghay Nuyan Khan, the offspring of Kadjuli Khan, the lineage of Khaidu Khan, Genghis Khan.Il common ancestor of Mongolian clan, of which his father was the head, was composed of Mongolian and Muslim nations strongly Turkification and boasted a descent from the nomad leader Karadja Barlas Khan (grandson of the founder of the Khan Erumdji Barlas clan Kadjuli Khan's son), of which Taraghay Nuyan was great-grandson, as well as being considered the first clan to embrace the religion islamicasunnita that was then also that of Tamerlane. According to the biographer Ibn malicious ʿ Arabshāh, a boy would practice the theft of sheep, but he missed a shot, and the pastor would have crippled by an arrow. Other historians speak instead of a serious injury that occurred later in combat. Very controversial question whether it was an educated man from youth or even illiterate. Who supports the first hypothesis as evidence of its connections with the religious, writers, artists and scientists. Tamerlane exploited the rivalry between the neighboring tribes and weaknesses of the various khans and thanks to a shrewd political warrior he was able to conquer all ; Transoxiana in 1369. A year later assumed the title "large" emir, to underline the claims of supremacy over all the emirs of the region. After her marriage to the young princess Saray Malik Katun, belonging to the descendants of Genghis Khan, took the name of Timur Gurkan (Persian تيمور گوركانى , doveGurkān is the original Mongol küregen persianizzata form (in turkish küregen) or son (imperial), that is generated in Family Gengiz Khan. Glories of that name a lot, because it believed to derive legitimacy Chinghizide which was his highest ambition. He chose Samarkand as its capital, a city of world meeting between greek and indian, formerly occupied by Alexander the Great and store the most important on the Silk Road. Were formalized a series of state institutions, such as periodic kurultaj that were supposed to legitimize his government, in fact, despotic, and the area (of the Uzbekistan) became a great center of artistic and cultural growth. During the three decades later Tamerlane led military campaigns in all directions, with overwhelming and often ruthless methods. One of his most formidable opponents was Toktamiš, Khan of the Golden Horde. These young exile from his country for trying to make her the khanate was accepted by Tamerlane, who had supplied the necessary forces for the conquest of his territory area. But once conquistatolo and become lord even of Kipchak Eastern Toktamiš had come for the first time at odds with him for possession of Khorezm and Azerbaijan. The strong respect and sympathy he had for the same, however, had Toktamiš led the emir to provide more military assistance necessary to attack Russia, where the young warrior went so far as to take Moscow in 1382. Meanwhile Timur started the military conquest of Persia, where the death of the last Ilkhanid (Mongol dynasty descended from Genghis Khan's grandson Hulegu through the branch) had left a political vacuum military. The invasion took beginning from the eastern region of Khorasan, and in particular the city of Herat (now in Afghanistan and then ruled Kartidi the dynasty). The expansion continued in Iran against the so-called "republic" of local Sarbedar ("swing on the gallows"), allocated in the city of Bayhaqi. Contrary to what has often stated, the Sarbedar declared themselves his vassals, and perhaps it was on this occasion that he had the opportunity to meet ʿ Ali Khwaja, personality sciitadi great importance that would have some influence on him and he later helped the Safavids in proclaiming their own offspring from the same Tamerlane. Some even suspected that Timur had embraced the faith Shiite, but they do not have evidence. The conquest of Iran continued with the aggression to Azerbaijan, then dominated by the ruler Sultan Ahmed, the dynasty of Gialayridi. It was at this stage that the plans of Tamerlane came into conflict with those of Toktamiš. In turn, attracted by the prospect of gaining Azerbaijan, the latter attacked in 1386 Tabriz, the capital, but the event triggered the first of three campaigns of Timur against him. During this campaign Timur destroyed the kingdom of Georgia, capturing the king Bagrat V and then penetrate further into the Caucasus. In 1387 Tamerlane Central was finally able to attack Iran, perhaps the main object of his achievements in the Persian land. Here Muzaffaridi dynasty ruled that he could not counter the attack. If the capture of Isfahan in 1387 he saw the strength of its inhabitants, the massacre that followed was determined by the refusal of the local population to pay tribute, or perhaps even killing of some soldiers of the guard. Some sources point out the towers ugly heads crowded in the city as a result of the immense slaughter of the population (about 100,000 deaths), one of the bloodiest in history. The city of Shiraz was won with less violence. After having established a puppet government, Tamerlane ended the Persian campaign to return to Samarkand, where he was waiting for yet another attack Toktamiš. He was chased to Siberia, but again failed to capture him and Timur returned to Samarkand, where in 1390 he summoned a great new kuryltai. The years since that event up to 1395 are characterized by a campaign of arrangement of the domains of northern Iran (the so-called "campaign of five years"), in which Tamerlane conquered regions Gurgan and Mazandaran, until, subject laMesopotamia and destroyed Baghdad, turned westward, intruding into the conflict between the two rival federations of Ak Turkoman Black Sheep Turkomans ("Those white of the Sacrifice") and Black Sheep Turkomans deiKara ("Those of the Black Ram"). Once again, however, the threat of Toktamiš forced him to make a long campaign - the last - in the steppes of Central Asia and southern Russia. Although he never reached Moscow, as is often said, the campaign allowed him to get rid of his rival and destroying its capital Astrakhan and Saray. In 1398 Tamerlane, informed that a civil war in India (started in 1394), attacked the Muslim ladies in Delhi, crossing the Indus October 2 on a pontoon bridge and indulging in terrible massacres during the advance, when he found a fierce resistance by the Rajput Bhatnir. During the fight the same Timur was shot by one of the many arrows in his body torn years. A few days later, however, before the Emir came to Delhi, where little resistance could oppose it-turkish troops tughluqMahmud Shah II, despite the problems created by the use of elephants of the latter.
On 17 December 1398 the city was captured and cruelly destroyed and looted, although later Tamerlane groped felt the need to defend themselves, claiming to have banned the looting, which it would have happened during his sleep caused by excess of libations. Almost all the people who survived the massacre were enslaved and taken away from pushing ahead with an army at one time very fast in his movements, but the occasion so full of loot from having to walk very slowly. Timur left Delhi
more or less in January of 1399, reaching only 15 April Termez sull'Amu Darya (now the border between Uzbekistan and Afghanistan, crossed the bridge called friendship with the Soviet-seventies). According to the Castilian ambassador Ruy Gonzalez de Clavijo (arrived in Samarkand on 8 September 1404), ninety captured elephants were used only for the transportation of certain stones with which Tamerlane wanted to erect a mosque in Samarkand, probably the huge building ( even cloaked in legend), which was named after his beautiful wife Bibi Chinghizide Khanoum. At the beginning of the fifteenth century had an empire stretching from the Caspian Sea to the Caucasus, the Aral Sea and the area between the Syr-Darya and the Indus. Returning from India, Timur was able to attack the 'Ottoman Empire, then ruled by the fourth Sultan Yıldırım Bayezid I, "the Thunderbolt Bayezid, who, victorious against the Serbs in Kosovo Polje and a coalition of French-Hungarian Nicopolis (1396), is was expanding rapidly to the east, annexing territories inhabited by Turkmen, who had invoked the help of the Emir. Road Tamerlane attacked by the Mamluk sultan of Egypt, invaded Syria, sacked Aleppo and Damascus taking - many of them inhabitants were massacred with the exception of the artisans, deported en masse to contribute to the work of beautification of Samarkand - and Baghdad (June 1401, new massacre). Loscontro with the Ottoman sultan was the battle of Ancyra (Ankara) July 20, 1402. Bayezid I, though heroically defended by the quota Serbian ally assigned to its person and his heirs, was taken prisoner and if they had more news.
Westerners were very worried by the advance in Ottoman Anatolia, which was eroding the Byzantine Empire and could threaten all the states bordering the Mediterranean. They began to think that their interests would coincide with those of Tamerlane, jointly opposing the Turkish advance. The Europeans saw in him a lot of similarities with the Mongols for a century and a half before, although he had become Muslim, and a new pax Mongol would help a lot of the stories of Western merchants. The coimperatore John VII Palaeologus, he agreed with the then mayor of Genoa Galata to send ambassadors to the Khan. The Byzantines were in fact already have to pay a tribute to the turkish sultan, and they proposed to Tamerlane to pay to him in exchange for an alliance to defeat the Turks themselves. Parallel embassy was also conducted by the King of France by some Dominicans. Tamerlane, who was actually preparing to attack the Turks, accepted the proposals, also hoping that by Venice and Genoa, he could get that fleet absent, and in 1402 the Mongols defeated the Ottomans at Ankara, as mentioned above. Timur became master of Anatolia, but soon proved a double edged sword for Westerners, because it was not prepared to accept any submission. Claiming descent from Genghis Khan and demanding the restoration of the Mongol Empire attacked aSmirne the Hospitallers of Rhodes and Chios Focea hunting and subduing. The Europeans were very undecided about what to do and many are hoping, as Henry III of Castile, who sent more ambassadors to Tamerlane. Tamerlane's victory could only fifty years of delay the taking of Constantinople by the Ottomans (1453). Tamerlane however, had greater interest in China and Europe. Back in Samarkand, planned the conquest of China, where the Mongols of the Yuan Dynasty founded by Kublai Khan, grandson of Genghis Khan, had been expelled in 1368 from the Ming Dynasty. The first emperor of this dynasty, Hongwu demanded and received tribute from the heirs of the lords of Asia Centraleche considered Chinghizide Kublai defeated. And to a certain point and within certain limits, Tamerlane had obeyed the request. But his aim was rebuilt in its entirety the Mongol empire, including its part consists of the China of Kublai, who decided to recapture. The company began in December 1404, but failed at the time. The climate of Central Asia was terrible, but that period had been chosen with awareness in the belief that it would make it easier, allowing him to cross the Syr Darya and the solid ice to reach China in the spring. Timur, however, was seized with fever, very strong, perhaps caused dapolmonite, perhaps from an excess of libations, and despite its strong fiber yielded. The death occurred Jan. 19, 1405 at Otrar, just beyond the Syr Darya in Kazakhstan territory today. The news of the death, partly because of the mountain passes blocked by snow, arrived too late, the designated heir, his grandson Pir Muhammad, eldest son of Giahangir, who was in Kandahar, and took advantage of this distance, another nephew, Khalil, son of third son, Miran. These however proved to be a fool, as his father, indulging in debauchery and dissipation. Shah Rukh, the wise and pious youngest son of Tamerlane, was recalled from Herat, where he had picked up at a religious brotherhood, and drove his nephew, agreeing to be recognized as sovereign (1407). However, almost immediately returned to Herat, and entrusted the government to his son Ulug Beg, another great character, for to become not only an enlightened ruler, one of the greatest astronomers of all time. What remains of his extraordinary observatory is in fact still be visited in Samarkand. After practicing the role of regent for 40 years, for another two years (1447 - 1449) Ulugh Beg was then lawful sovereign, before he was assassinated son. Ulugh Beg was a sign of reverence for his grandfather, to come from Mongolia to the huge block of green jade, which became the tomb of Tamerlane, still visible nelmausoleo Gur-e Amir in Samarkand. L 'vast empire of Tamerlane was fragmented between most powerful hostile to each other. "
The Timurid Empire
II - The Safavid Empire:
Safavid Empire
Shaykh Ishaq Safi al-Din (1252 -1334) was the leader of a brotherhood misticasunnita (tariqa) \u200b\u200bthat his name is Safavid and had called adArdabil base in today's Persian Azerbaijan. To gain the sympathy of many Shiites in the city took advantage of his descendants to the legend of his descent imam ʿ \u200b\u200bAlī and his wife Fatima, daughter of the Prophet Maometto.Shaykh Junayd, head of the Brotherhood from 1447 to 1456, was forced to leave Ardabil, a fief of the Safavids, and wandering between Syria and Anatolia, where military organizations and the community he called "god" by his followers. He organized an expedition against infidels in the Caucasus, but was defeated and killed. His son Sheikh Haydar, whose followers had adopted a red turban to twelve cloves (remember the twelve holy Shi'ite imam), which earned them the name of Kizil Bas ("red heads", or "red berets"), wanting avenge his father repeated the company back victorious and loaded with loot. He was later killed in battle (1488), and so his son (1494).
early sixteenth century, Iran was not a unitary state, but was divided into a number of emirates and Khan, the most important Timurid states which were to the east and west Qoyunlū Aq. In 1499 the newly fifteen Isma ʿ il, who was said descendant of Safi al-Din, succeeded in obtaining the support of the Turkish nomadic tribes of Azerbaijan and defeat the king of Tabriz and Hamadan qoyunlū Aq ; nel1501, beginning the dynasty. To further legitimize itself as Shah, Shah Isma'il I claimed his descent from the Sasanian dynasty. In the following years
the "red text" conquered Semnan, Shiraz, and Yazd, and by 1509 all the dynasties western Iran submitted themselves to the Shah Isma ʿ I. In 1510, the Isma ʿ faced the Uzbeks at Merv, who had succeeded to the Timurid Central Asia, and defeated them heavily, so that even Safavid Khorasan fell. His attempts to further conquests in Central Asia, however, met strong resistance of the Uzbeks who originated from religious reasons, as the Sunni Uzbeks as well as the enemies of Western Safavids, gliOttomani, although the three dynasties were all of Turkish descent.
Just good relations with the Safavid Shiite tribes of Asia Minor alarmed the Ottoman Sultan Selim I Yavuz who, fearing dangerous internal revolts, he massacred forty thousand Shiites well. Soon after, the army of the Sultan of Persia invaded and inflicted a crushing defeat to the Safavids in Čaldiran August 23, 1514, which enabled Selim to occupy Tabriz. capital of the Shah. For reasons of domestic politics, however, the sultan was soon back home leaving the Safavids reoccupy southern Azerbaijan and Iraq, and attaches the eastern Georgia. The Isma ʿ the
imposed by decree, on pain of death, the conversion of the Persian Shiite population. This decree led to a superficial spreading Shiism, however, who became deeply rooted in the centuries that followed. For the first time in Islamic history, Shiism is organized in the State by breaking the political unity of the world Muslim. Iran became a theocracy with the Shah as political and religious leader, and the aristocracy which qızılbaş and extension of central power. The Isma ʿ the Dead (1524), followed by a period of confusion with his son Shah Tahmasp I (1524-1576) on the throne. The "red head", indicating the de facto successor of the Shah, began to acquire more power and came to rebel against the sovereign, who was forced to dispose of some tribes. The war on two fronts meanwhile continued, and the Ottomans and the Uzbeks ripped continuously territories to the Shah, who lost again by the capital Tabriz deiTurchi and was forced to move in Qazvin. In return for their help gained Kandahar Mughal Emperor Humayun when he was dethroned.
The situation deteriorated still under the Shah Isma ʿ II, who tried unsuccessfully to return to Sunni Islam, while the rivalry between the "red heads" results in civil war.
Safavid Persia was an ally of Spain during the reign of Charles V as France (the enemy of Spain) supported the Ottomans, Safavids mortal enemies. Buckled in 1561 trade with the 'England.
After the forced abdication of Shah Muhammad Khudabanda, his son ʿ Abbas I, survived the plots of qızılbaş, Shah was recognized by some leaders of the "red caps or red heads" in 1581 to ten years , and in 1587 became blinded and imprisoned his two brothers and settled on the throne. The reign of Shah ʿ Abbas I, known as Great (1587-1629), was considered the most glorious of all the modern Persia. Alternating the use of force and diplomacy, he managed to unite the country torn by internal strife, and to safeguard against external enemies Ottomans and Uzbeks.
Aware of the weakness of the "Pretoria" in the "red heads," Shah ʿ Abbas I was an independent body which would make their abuse, Ghulam. Recruited, in imitation of the Ottoman Janissary among young Christian Armenians and Georgians converted to Islam, the ghulāmerano riders and sharpshooters armed with rifles instead that spear. They were joined by a corps of soldiers recruited from the Iranian farmers and a personal guard of Turkey, the shah-seven ("those who worship the Shah"), which was especially true considering it a divine incarnation. All these troops were receiving their pay directly from the treasury of the Shah and had no ties of tribal loyalty. The army, with the help of the British general Robert Sherley, was thoroughly reformed according to the European systems, through the widespread use allapolvere gun and artillery pieces of good quality.
With the new forces available, Shah ʿ Abbas I drove back from Khorasan and the Uzbeks made stronger authority over Herat and Kandahar. It then turned west and was able to regain Iraq and Mesopotamia at the expense of the Turks, who gave up two treaties of 1612 and 1618. Then drove the Portuguese from Bahrain (1602) and Hormuz (1622), with support from the British navy.
The discovery of sea routes around Africa, Persia and Europe allowed to get in touch without the mediation of Turkey, traditional common enemy. Trade, especially that of silk, so he moved to the Caspian Sea, contributing greatly to the formation of a strong Persian state, thanks to agreements with the British East India Company and Dutch East India Company .
The splendor of the court of the "Great Sophi" as it was called in Europe, the Safavid ruler, became proverbial. Flocked to the new Safavid capital Isfahan merchants, diplomats and missionaries. Isfahan was adorned with magnificent buildings constructed according to an advanced plan, which remain substantial evidence. The road network in the kingdom was greatly developed and improved.
The character of Shah ʿ Abbas I, however, was not inclined to mercy. He had two blind brothers for green light to the throne and his fear of plots against him did not spare even the eldest son, Safi, who he killed in cold blood. Frightened, then, by astrologers who predicted the assassination of the king of Persia in the year 1000 Hijrah (1591-1592) abdicated temporarily put on the throne, Yusuf said that murder, and taken the crown.
With the death of Shah Abbas I in 1628 ended ʿ the glory days of the dynasty.
in the West continue the war with the Turks: the Safavids and the Ottomans fought long for the possession of the fertile plains of Iraq, until it was signed a treaty to establish a border between Turkey and Iran in 1639, border that still is what divides the two countries. The long and bitter conflict, however, dug a deep furrow between the Sunni and Shiite communities of Iraq, and also still exists. To the east of the Uzbeks had to face the new threat of Kalmyks and lightened the pressure on Iran, while movement began among the Afghan tribes. Inside, the power of the "red turbans" had been cleared and also their number was significantly decreased, while the state became more and more united.
The symptoms of decay, already during the reign of Shah ʿ Abbas II, became obvious with the last effective Safavid Shah Sultan Husayn. Raised in the harem, he spent all his time with courtiers, theologians and astrologers, neglecting the affairs of state, while the eastern Afghan border and captured Herat Kandahar. In 1720 the Afghan Mahmud marched suKermān and conquered it, then putting the siege of Isfahan in 1722. On 23 October 1722, after seven months of siege, surrendered Isfahan and Sultan Hussein was overthrown. His successors, though they retained the title of Shah, who were not puppets, while the power was in the hands of Afsharidi and Zand.
A feature of the reign of Shah ʿ Abbas I was a tendency to promote the productive forces at the expense of the Persian conquered provinces. The conquered peoples were seen as requiring exorbitant tribute, while the tax burden on the Persian population was reduced.
To move the market towards Isfahan, Shah Abbas I wanted ʿ relocate 13,000 families in the Armenian city of Julfa, an important center of the silk trade, and although they reach their destination only 3,000 silk exports became the main voice of the shutters. Other mass transfer were determined to repopulate the most depressed areas of Iran. Shah ʿ Abbas I also welcome the craft, understanding the importance of trade. In addition to pottery and textiles in this period acquired great importance in the manufacture of carpets, which continues today to be a leading voice among Iranian exports.
were also greatly encouraged the arts of miniature painting, calligraphy and painting wall, the latter influenced by contemporary European painting. In the palaces were painted battle scenes, landscapes, pastoral scenes and erotic. The main figure of the Safavid miniature was Reza Abbasi, after whose death began a period of decline of Persian painting.
The Safavid era is poor with regard to the literature. The Safavids encouraged the poets to write especially laments for the martyrs and religious poems. A flourishing was the popular religious poem.
Safavid architecture has left considerable evidence in the capital of Isfahan: Mosque of the Shah, Masjid-i Shah, which was completed in 1630, the small but elegant mosque of Shaykh Lutfullah, and the royal palace six-story Ali Qapu.
The spread of Islam in Asia and Africa: The
- Timur and the Timurid Empire in Central Asia:
Timur
"Born in the ancient Kesh, now Shahrisabz, garden city (50 miles south of Samarkand), in today's Uzbekistan, Tamerlane came from turkish-Mongol tribe of Barlas, settled in that region. The tribe that was part of the despised karaunas (the " half-breed "). He was the son of the head dell'ulus (tribe), called Taraghay Nuyan Khan, the offspring of Kadjuli Khan, the lineage of Khaidu Khan, Genghis Khan.Il common ancestor of Mongolian clan, of which his father was the head, was composed of Mongolian and Muslim nations strongly Turkification and boasted a descent from the nomad leader Karadja Barlas Khan (grandson of the founder of the Khan Erumdji Barlas clan Kadjuli Khan's son), of which Taraghay Nuyan was great-grandson, as well as being considered the first clan to embrace the religion islamicasunnita that was then also that of Tamerlane. According to the biographer Ibn malicious ʿ Arabshāh, a boy would practice the theft of sheep, but he missed a shot, and the pastor would have crippled by an arrow. Other historians speak instead of a serious injury that occurred later in combat. Very controversial question whether it was an educated man from youth or even illiterate. Who supports the first hypothesis as evidence of its connections with the religious, writers, artists and scientists. Tamerlane exploited the rivalry between the neighboring tribes and weaknesses of the various khans and thanks to a shrewd political warrior he was able to conquer all ; Transoxiana in 1369. A year later assumed the title "large" emir, to underline the claims of supremacy over all the emirs of the region. After her marriage to the young princess Saray Malik Katun, belonging to the descendants of Genghis Khan, took the name of Timur Gurkan (Persian تيمور گوركانى , doveGurkān is the original Mongol küregen persianizzata form (in turkish küregen) or son (imperial), that is generated in Family Gengiz Khan. Glories of that name a lot, because it believed to derive legitimacy Chinghizide which was his highest ambition. He chose Samarkand as its capital, a city of world meeting between greek and indian, formerly occupied by Alexander the Great and store the most important on the Silk Road. Were formalized a series of state institutions, such as periodic kurultaj that were supposed to legitimize his government, in fact, despotic, and the area (of the Uzbekistan) became a great center of artistic and cultural growth. During the three decades later Tamerlane led military campaigns in all directions, with overwhelming and often ruthless methods. One of his most formidable opponents was Toktamiš, Khan of the Golden Horde. These young exile from his country for trying to make her the khanate was accepted by Tamerlane, who had supplied the necessary forces for the conquest of his territory area. But once conquistatolo and become lord even of Kipchak Eastern Toktamiš had come for the first time at odds with him for possession of Khorezm and Azerbaijan. The strong respect and sympathy he had for the same, however, had Toktamiš led the emir to provide more military assistance necessary to attack Russia, where the young warrior went so far as to take Moscow in 1382. Meanwhile Timur started the military conquest of Persia, where the death of the last Ilkhanid (Mongol dynasty descended from Genghis Khan's grandson Hulegu through the branch) had left a political vacuum military. The invasion took beginning from the eastern region of Khorasan, and in particular the city of Herat (now in Afghanistan and then ruled Kartidi the dynasty). The expansion continued in Iran against the so-called "republic" of local Sarbedar ("swing on the gallows"), allocated in the city of Bayhaqi. Contrary to what has often stated, the Sarbedar declared themselves his vassals, and perhaps it was on this occasion that he had the opportunity to meet ʿ Ali Khwaja, personality sciitadi great importance that would have some influence on him and he later helped the Safavids in proclaiming their own offspring from the same Tamerlane. Some even suspected that Timur had embraced the faith Shiite, but they do not have evidence. The conquest of Iran continued with the aggression to Azerbaijan, then dominated by the ruler Sultan Ahmed, the dynasty of Gialayridi. It was at this stage that the plans of Tamerlane came into conflict with those of Toktamiš. In turn, attracted by the prospect of gaining Azerbaijan, the latter attacked in 1386 Tabriz, the capital, but the event triggered the first of three campaigns of Timur against him. During this campaign Timur destroyed the kingdom of Georgia, capturing the king Bagrat V and then penetrate further into the Caucasus. In 1387 Tamerlane Central was finally able to attack Iran, perhaps the main object of his achievements in the Persian land. Here Muzaffaridi dynasty ruled that he could not counter the attack. If the capture of Isfahan in 1387 he saw the strength of its inhabitants, the massacre that followed was determined by the refusal of the local population to pay tribute, or perhaps even killing of some soldiers of the guard. Some sources point out the towers ugly heads crowded in the city as a result of the immense slaughter of the population (about 100,000 deaths), one of the bloodiest in history. The city of Shiraz was won with less violence. After having established a puppet government, Tamerlane ended the Persian campaign to return to Samarkand, where he was waiting for yet another attack Toktamiš. He was chased to Siberia, but again failed to capture him and Timur returned to Samarkand, where in 1390 he summoned a great new kuryltai. The years since that event up to 1395 are characterized by a campaign of arrangement of the domains of northern Iran (the so-called "campaign of five years"), in which Tamerlane conquered regions Gurgan and Mazandaran, until, subject laMesopotamia and destroyed Baghdad, turned westward, intruding into the conflict between the two rival federations of Ak Turkoman Black Sheep Turkomans ("Those white of the Sacrifice") and Black Sheep Turkomans deiKara ("Those of the Black Ram"). Once again, however, the threat of Toktamiš forced him to make a long campaign - the last - in the steppes of Central Asia and southern Russia. Although he never reached Moscow, as is often said, the campaign allowed him to get rid of his rival and destroying its capital Astrakhan and Saray. In 1398 Tamerlane, informed that a civil war in India (started in 1394), attacked the Muslim ladies in Delhi, crossing the Indus October 2 on a pontoon bridge and indulging in terrible massacres during the advance, when he found a fierce resistance by the Rajput Bhatnir. During the fight the same Timur was shot by one of the many arrows in his body torn years. A few days later, however, before the Emir came to Delhi, where little resistance could oppose it-turkish troops tughluqMahmud Shah II, despite the problems created by the use of elephants of the latter.
On 17 December 1398 the city was captured and cruelly destroyed and looted, although later Tamerlane groped felt the need to defend themselves, claiming to have banned the looting, which it would have happened during his sleep caused by excess of libations. Almost all the people who survived the massacre were enslaved and taken away from pushing ahead with an army at one time very fast in his movements, but the occasion so full of loot from having to walk very slowly. Timur left Delhi
more or less in January of 1399, reaching only 15 April Termez sull'Amu Darya (now the border between Uzbekistan and Afghanistan, crossed the bridge called friendship with the Soviet-seventies). According to the Castilian ambassador Ruy Gonzalez de Clavijo (arrived in Samarkand on 8 September 1404), ninety captured elephants were used only for the transportation of certain stones with which Tamerlane wanted to erect a mosque in Samarkand, probably the huge building ( even cloaked in legend), which was named after his beautiful wife Bibi Chinghizide Khanoum. At the beginning of the fifteenth century had an empire stretching from the Caspian Sea to the Caucasus, the Aral Sea and the area between the Syr-Darya and the Indus. Returning from India, Timur was able to attack the 'Ottoman Empire, then ruled by the fourth Sultan Yıldırım Bayezid I, "the Thunderbolt Bayezid, who, victorious against the Serbs in Kosovo Polje and a coalition of French-Hungarian Nicopolis (1396), is was expanding rapidly to the east, annexing territories inhabited by Turkmen, who had invoked the help of the Emir. Road Tamerlane attacked by the Mamluk sultan of Egypt, invaded Syria, sacked Aleppo and Damascus taking - many of them inhabitants were massacred with the exception of the artisans, deported en masse to contribute to the work of beautification of Samarkand - and Baghdad (June 1401, new massacre). Loscontro with the Ottoman sultan was the battle of Ancyra (Ankara) July 20, 1402. Bayezid I, though heroically defended by the quota Serbian ally assigned to its person and his heirs, was taken prisoner and if they had more news.
Westerners were very worried by the advance in Ottoman Anatolia, which was eroding the Byzantine Empire and could threaten all the states bordering the Mediterranean. They began to think that their interests would coincide with those of Tamerlane, jointly opposing the Turkish advance. The Europeans saw in him a lot of similarities with the Mongols for a century and a half before, although he had become Muslim, and a new pax Mongol would help a lot of the stories of Western merchants. The coimperatore John VII Palaeologus, he agreed with the then mayor of Genoa Galata to send ambassadors to the Khan. The Byzantines were in fact already have to pay a tribute to the turkish sultan, and they proposed to Tamerlane to pay to him in exchange for an alliance to defeat the Turks themselves. Parallel embassy was also conducted by the King of France by some Dominicans. Tamerlane, who was actually preparing to attack the Turks, accepted the proposals, also hoping that by Venice and Genoa, he could get that fleet absent, and in 1402 the Mongols defeated the Ottomans at Ankara, as mentioned above. Timur became master of Anatolia, but soon proved a double edged sword for Westerners, because it was not prepared to accept any submission. Claiming descent from Genghis Khan and demanding the restoration of the Mongol Empire attacked aSmirne the Hospitallers of Rhodes and Chios Focea hunting and subduing. The Europeans were very undecided about what to do and many are hoping, as Henry III of Castile, who sent more ambassadors to Tamerlane. Tamerlane's victory could only fifty years of delay the taking of Constantinople by the Ottomans (1453). Tamerlane however, had greater interest in China and Europe. Back in Samarkand, planned the conquest of China, where the Mongols of the Yuan Dynasty founded by Kublai Khan, grandson of Genghis Khan, had been expelled in 1368 from the Ming Dynasty. The first emperor of this dynasty, Hongwu demanded and received tribute from the heirs of the lords of Asia Centraleche considered Chinghizide Kublai defeated. And to a certain point and within certain limits, Tamerlane had obeyed the request. But his aim was rebuilt in its entirety the Mongol empire, including its part consists of the China of Kublai, who decided to recapture. The company began in December 1404, but failed at the time. The climate of Central Asia was terrible, but that period had been chosen with awareness in the belief that it would make it easier, allowing him to cross the Syr Darya and the solid ice to reach China in the spring. Timur, however, was seized with fever, very strong, perhaps caused dapolmonite, perhaps from an excess of libations, and despite its strong fiber yielded. The death occurred Jan. 19, 1405 at Otrar, just beyond the Syr Darya in Kazakhstan territory today. The news of the death, partly because of the mountain passes blocked by snow, arrived too late, the designated heir, his grandson Pir Muhammad, eldest son of Giahangir, who was in Kandahar, and took advantage of this distance, another nephew, Khalil, son of third son, Miran. These however proved to be a fool, as his father, indulging in debauchery and dissipation. Shah Rukh, the wise and pious youngest son of Tamerlane, was recalled from Herat, where he had picked up at a religious brotherhood, and drove his nephew, agreeing to be recognized as sovereign (1407). However, almost immediately returned to Herat, and entrusted the government to his son Ulug Beg, another great character, for to become not only an enlightened ruler, one of the greatest astronomers of all time. What remains of his extraordinary observatory is in fact still be visited in Samarkand. After practicing the role of regent for 40 years, for another two years (1447 - 1449) Ulugh Beg was then lawful sovereign, before he was assassinated son. Ulugh Beg was a sign of reverence for his grandfather, to come from Mongolia to the huge block of green jade, which became the tomb of Tamerlane, still visible nelmausoleo Gur-e Amir in Samarkand. L 'vast empire of Tamerlane was fragmented between most powerful hostile to each other. "
The Timurid Empire
Timurid Empire was created by Tamerlane, who conquered much of Central Asia and the Middle East members of the Chagatai Khanate, starting dal1370. In 1400 he began to invade Anatolia and in 1402 during the Battle of heavily Ancyrasconfisse the Ottomans, capturing their sultan Bayezid I. At his death, in 1405, the empire stretched from the Caucasus to India.
Tamerlane appointed as his successor his grandson Pir Muhammad, but survived briefly to his grandfather and died in 1406, then the throne was occupied briefly by Miran Shah. In 1407 the youngest son of Timur, Shah Rukh, seized power and established his capital in Herat during the reign until 1447. Ulugh Beg, eldest son of Shah Rukh, he reigned for two years. Abu Sa'id, the grandson of Miran Shah, ruled over Transoxiana, Afghanistan and Persia North.
The last important Timurid ruler Husayn was Bayqarah, who died in 1506, after which the domains of the dynasty in Central Asia were conquered by the Uzbeks.
Safavid Empire
Shaykh Ishaq Safi al-Din (1252 -1334) was the leader of a brotherhood misticasunnita (tariqa) \u200b\u200bthat his name is Safavid and had called adArdabil base in today's Persian Azerbaijan. To gain the sympathy of many Shiites in the city took advantage of his descendants to the legend of his descent imam ʿ \u200b\u200bAlī and his wife Fatima, daughter of the Prophet Maometto.Shaykh Junayd, head of the Brotherhood from 1447 to 1456, was forced to leave Ardabil, a fief of the Safavids, and wandering between Syria and Anatolia, where military organizations and the community he called "god" by his followers. He organized an expedition against infidels in the Caucasus, but was defeated and killed. His son Sheikh Haydar, whose followers had adopted a red turban to twelve cloves (remember the twelve holy Shi'ite imam), which earned them the name of Kizil Bas ("red heads", or "red berets"), wanting avenge his father repeated the company back victorious and loaded with loot. He was later killed in battle (1488), and so his son (1494).
early sixteenth century, Iran was not a unitary state, but was divided into a number of emirates and Khan, the most important Timurid states which were to the east and west Qoyunlū Aq. In 1499 the newly fifteen Isma ʿ il, who was said descendant of Safi al-Din, succeeded in obtaining the support of the Turkish nomadic tribes of Azerbaijan and defeat the king of Tabriz and Hamadan qoyunlū Aq ; nel1501, beginning the dynasty. To further legitimize itself as Shah, Shah Isma'il I claimed his descent from the Sasanian dynasty. In the following years
the "red text" conquered Semnan, Shiraz, and Yazd, and by 1509 all the dynasties western Iran submitted themselves to the Shah Isma ʿ I. In 1510, the Isma ʿ faced the Uzbeks at Merv, who had succeeded to the Timurid Central Asia, and defeated them heavily, so that even Safavid Khorasan fell. His attempts to further conquests in Central Asia, however, met strong resistance of the Uzbeks who originated from religious reasons, as the Sunni Uzbeks as well as the enemies of Western Safavids, gliOttomani, although the three dynasties were all of Turkish descent.
Just good relations with the Safavid Shiite tribes of Asia Minor alarmed the Ottoman Sultan Selim I Yavuz who, fearing dangerous internal revolts, he massacred forty thousand Shiites well. Soon after, the army of the Sultan of Persia invaded and inflicted a crushing defeat to the Safavids in Čaldiran August 23, 1514, which enabled Selim to occupy Tabriz. capital of the Shah. For reasons of domestic politics, however, the sultan was soon back home leaving the Safavids reoccupy southern Azerbaijan and Iraq, and attaches the eastern Georgia. The Isma ʿ the
imposed by decree, on pain of death, the conversion of the Persian Shiite population. This decree led to a superficial spreading Shiism, however, who became deeply rooted in the centuries that followed. For the first time in Islamic history, Shiism is organized in the State by breaking the political unity of the world Muslim. Iran became a theocracy with the Shah as political and religious leader, and the aristocracy which qızılbaş and extension of central power. The Isma ʿ the Dead (1524), followed by a period of confusion with his son Shah Tahmasp I (1524-1576) on the throne. The "red head", indicating the de facto successor of the Shah, began to acquire more power and came to rebel against the sovereign, who was forced to dispose of some tribes. The war on two fronts meanwhile continued, and the Ottomans and the Uzbeks ripped continuously territories to the Shah, who lost again by the capital Tabriz deiTurchi and was forced to move in Qazvin. In return for their help gained Kandahar Mughal Emperor Humayun when he was dethroned.
The situation deteriorated still under the Shah Isma ʿ II, who tried unsuccessfully to return to Sunni Islam, while the rivalry between the "red heads" results in civil war.
Safavid Persia was an ally of Spain during the reign of Charles V as France (the enemy of Spain) supported the Ottomans, Safavids mortal enemies. Buckled in 1561 trade with the 'England.
After the forced abdication of Shah Muhammad Khudabanda, his son ʿ Abbas I, survived the plots of qızılbaş, Shah was recognized by some leaders of the "red caps or red heads" in 1581 to ten years , and in 1587 became blinded and imprisoned his two brothers and settled on the throne. The reign of Shah ʿ Abbas I, known as Great (1587-1629), was considered the most glorious of all the modern Persia. Alternating the use of force and diplomacy, he managed to unite the country torn by internal strife, and to safeguard against external enemies Ottomans and Uzbeks.
Aware of the weakness of the "Pretoria" in the "red heads," Shah ʿ Abbas I was an independent body which would make their abuse, Ghulam. Recruited, in imitation of the Ottoman Janissary among young Christian Armenians and Georgians converted to Islam, the ghulāmerano riders and sharpshooters armed with rifles instead that spear. They were joined by a corps of soldiers recruited from the Iranian farmers and a personal guard of Turkey, the shah-seven ("those who worship the Shah"), which was especially true considering it a divine incarnation. All these troops were receiving their pay directly from the treasury of the Shah and had no ties of tribal loyalty. The army, with the help of the British general Robert Sherley, was thoroughly reformed according to the European systems, through the widespread use allapolvere gun and artillery pieces of good quality.
With the new forces available, Shah ʿ Abbas I drove back from Khorasan and the Uzbeks made stronger authority over Herat and Kandahar. It then turned west and was able to regain Iraq and Mesopotamia at the expense of the Turks, who gave up two treaties of 1612 and 1618. Then drove the Portuguese from Bahrain (1602) and Hormuz (1622), with support from the British navy.
The discovery of sea routes around Africa, Persia and Europe allowed to get in touch without the mediation of Turkey, traditional common enemy. Trade, especially that of silk, so he moved to the Caspian Sea, contributing greatly to the formation of a strong Persian state, thanks to agreements with the British East India Company and Dutch East India Company .
The splendor of the court of the "Great Sophi" as it was called in Europe, the Safavid ruler, became proverbial. Flocked to the new Safavid capital Isfahan merchants, diplomats and missionaries. Isfahan was adorned with magnificent buildings constructed according to an advanced plan, which remain substantial evidence. The road network in the kingdom was greatly developed and improved.
The character of Shah ʿ Abbas I, however, was not inclined to mercy. He had two blind brothers for green light to the throne and his fear of plots against him did not spare even the eldest son, Safi, who he killed in cold blood. Frightened, then, by astrologers who predicted the assassination of the king of Persia in the year 1000 Hijrah (1591-1592) abdicated temporarily put on the throne, Yusuf said that murder, and taken the crown.
With the death of Shah Abbas I in 1628 ended ʿ the glory days of the dynasty.
in the West continue the war with the Turks: the Safavids and the Ottomans fought long for the possession of the fertile plains of Iraq, until it was signed a treaty to establish a border between Turkey and Iran in 1639, border that still is what divides the two countries. The long and bitter conflict, however, dug a deep furrow between the Sunni and Shiite communities of Iraq, and also still exists. To the east of the Uzbeks had to face the new threat of Kalmyks and lightened the pressure on Iran, while movement began among the Afghan tribes. Inside, the power of the "red turbans" had been cleared and also their number was significantly decreased, while the state became more and more united.
The symptoms of decay, already during the reign of Shah ʿ Abbas II, became obvious with the last effective Safavid Shah Sultan Husayn. Raised in the harem, he spent all his time with courtiers, theologians and astrologers, neglecting the affairs of state, while the eastern Afghan border and captured Herat Kandahar. In 1720 the Afghan Mahmud marched suKermān and conquered it, then putting the siege of Isfahan in 1722. On 23 October 1722, after seven months of siege, surrendered Isfahan and Sultan Hussein was overthrown. His successors, though they retained the title of Shah, who were not puppets, while the power was in the hands of Afsharidi and Zand.
A feature of the reign of Shah ʿ Abbas I was a tendency to promote the productive forces at the expense of the Persian conquered provinces. The conquered peoples were seen as requiring exorbitant tribute, while the tax burden on the Persian population was reduced.
To move the market towards Isfahan, Shah Abbas I wanted ʿ relocate 13,000 families in the Armenian city of Julfa, an important center of the silk trade, and although they reach their destination only 3,000 silk exports became the main voice of the shutters. Other mass transfer were determined to repopulate the most depressed areas of Iran. Shah ʿ Abbas I also welcome the craft, understanding the importance of trade. In addition to pottery and textiles in this period acquired great importance in the manufacture of carpets, which continues today to be a leading voice among Iranian exports.
were also greatly encouraged the arts of miniature painting, calligraphy and painting wall, the latter influenced by contemporary European painting. In the palaces were painted battle scenes, landscapes, pastoral scenes and erotic. The main figure of the Safavid miniature was Reza Abbasi, after whose death began a period of decline of Persian painting.
The Safavid era is poor with regard to the literature. The Safavids encouraged the poets to write especially laments for the martyrs and religious poems. A flourishing was the popular religious poem.
Safavid architecture has left considerable evidence in the capital of Isfahan: Mosque of the Shah, Masjid-i Shah, which was completed in 1630, the small but elegant mosque of Shaykh Lutfullah, and the royal palace six-story Ali Qapu.
Progesterall Cream Review
TWO COMMENTS ON JOURNALISM Arab revolution
Republic of Monday, March 7, 2011, page 42
Hunting - "When the people awake God puts his head"
BORDER LINE Mario Pirani "The question that nobody can answer is how he could be a stirring equal to that which hit the southern shores of the Mediterranean without any warning to leave predict what was going on. Not only in size but also to nature, the emerging hegemonic groups, against powers that be, or not affect the funda-mental religious (Muslim Brotherhood) and militancy dating to the "jihad" or even "al-Qaeda." And today, more than two months since 17 December 2001) giovanevenditore walking a Tunisian, Mohamed Buazizi, he gave fire to protest against the police, engaging the revolt that would invest the Arab world from Morocco to the Persian Gulf with the epicenters more disruptive nellastessaTunisia, Egypt, and finally, in Libya, well, since nobody can tell us who is prevailing, the duration of the game, such as weather can be risky. No answer turns out to be comprehensive and is almost automatic that the service acts scapegoat. As easy as probably wrong. Ever so much that if the most recent report to Parliament delSis, right at the first blow of the facts, merely a few lines (UIL Middle East remains a particularly sensitive balances which are further influenced by the tensions exploded in the nearby North Africa, where, from the epicenter of Tunisia, the social ferment and aspirations for change, amplified and shared on the web, have to contend with attempts to exploit key in Islam and the risk of placement of a terrorist nature '), nevertheless it has not No news of much more thorough analysis, even in the context of cooperation with other international service particular attention to this sector, such as by CiaoilMossad.Ven venture that the answer is no because there could be that accurate forecasts have not been developed as behind the explosion of mass protest is not acted identifiable groups involved in the implementation of revolutionary plans. So how is the rest of the hereafter in 1989 with the sudden fall of the Berlin Wall and the collapse, almost without striking a blow for an 'implosion, not all domestic destinations, the communist regimes. History teaches that sometimes dictatorial systems that had governed Alung, oltrechesullarepressione on consensus populist, nationalist hatreds other, accumulate within them so much potential for protest, at some point, by any pre-ordained, this breaks in the form of a revolt. So OldMan century motto-"When the people awake, God puts his head, and lightning gives him"-you moltiplicagrazie the engines of global websites.
In fact, while the brilliant article by Nicholas Kristof forget some essential elements:
1 - All the great civilizations of the past have experienced a development phase, a peak and decline: a characteristic that they seem to share with the humans who produce them. Often the factors of decline are intrinsic to their model, but very often the same decline is due to external factors, both natural and human. The decline of the Roman greek culture that reached its climax in coincidence with the first century of the Roman Empire began with the devastating plague at the time of Emperor Marcus Aurelius led to a halving of the population and with it the emergence of property feudal land and almost paralysis system, commercial and industrial economy. A factor that then joined the so-called "barbarian invasions" and that the influx of ethnic groups in the territories of all bearers of culture in conflict with the values \u200b\u200bof Greco-Roman era, beginning with the great importance in the ancient world from slavery. The caliphs of the Islamic world, identified as the apogee of Islamic civilization, Middle East, received a mortal blow by the Mongol invasions of the thirteenth century and lasted for more than one hundred years. The vitality of Islam, however, was demonstrated by the fact that in subsequent centuries from the ruins of the great civilizations flourished Mongol invasions of the Ottoman Empire and the empire Mughal
(but do not forget that one of the most beautiful architectural complexes in the world flourished in the steppes of Central Asia by Timur and Timurid dynasty: Samarkand or want to forget?; 2 - One of the main factors of the extraordinary development of the so-called European or Western civilization was the so-called "primitive accumulation" built by the Spaniards through the looting and the total destruction of the great kingdoms of pre-Columbian America. The gold looted in the Americas for the pockets Bankers Flemish and English courses in the holds of ships, and especially the latter factor was to make possible takeoff of industrialization of the eighteenth century. Nor should one forget the inhuman level of exploitation that was imposed on the peoples of Europe starting from the so-called capitalism. Swap this element of "economic progress productive" growth in the level of civilization is rather risky. That is so wrong then I do not have the Muslim Brotherhood, who claim that the solution of problems existing in the countries of the Middle East and in all the world where Islam is dominant religion is Islam itself: it does not push the ' man to a kind of resignation to fate, but it encourages work, personal growth, and even the pursuit of wealth, provided that this does not happen starving the next and putting one hand the duties of solidarity and brotherhood that should govern relations between human beings.
a fundamental question: why did it take so long?
And another question, politically incorrect: the reason of the backwardness of the Middle East could be Islam? The sociologist Max Weber and other scholars argued that Islam, for its characteristics, does not lend itself to the development of a capitalist economy, and someone pointed out in particular the Islamic scruples against the loan interest. But it is a thesis that is not convincing. Other experts point out that Islam in some ways is more favorable to the company of other religions. The Prophet Muhammad was a successful merchant, and had much more sympathy for the rich than they had Jesus and the Middle East in the twelfth century was a center of global culture and commerce: If today Islam stifles free enterprise, because at that time not choking? As hostility to the loan interest, similar precepts are also found in Jewish and Christian texts, and what the Quran prohibits is not the interest itself, but the "riba", an extreme form of wear which can lead slavery to the insolvent debtor. Until the late eighteenth century in the Middle East, those who lent money to trade could be Muslims, Christians or Jews, without distinction. And now pay interest is common even in Most conservative Islamic countries. Many Arabs have an alternative theory on the reason of the backwardness of the region: Western colonialism. But an explanation is equally specious, and even inaccurate. "Despite all its drawbacks, the colonial period in the Middle East has brought stagnation, but important changes, did not lead spread of ignorance, but literacy and education, and has not brought impoverishment but an enrichment unprecedented ' Timur Kuran writes, economic historian at Duke University, a new test result of meticulous research, entitled The Long Divergence: How Islamic Law Held Back the Middle East ("The long divergence: the weight of law nell'arretratezza Islamic Middle East "). The book of Professor Kuran provides the best explanation for the delay of the Middle East. After a careful study of old business records, Kuran argues, convincingly, that the cause of the backwardness of the Middle East Islam is not in and of itself, and even colonialism, but a series of sub-legal practice of Islamic law, which today have totally lost relevance. It is a complex argument, it is impossible to bring in the limited space allowed by an article newspaper, but one of the grounds, for example, was given by hereditary right. The Western systems normally transfer all the properties in bulk to his eldest son, preserving the large estates. Islamic law was stipulated in a more equitable division of property (including a part that went to the daughters), but this resulted in a fragmentation of large estates. One consequence of this system was that there was an accumulation of private capital sufficient to support the investments needed to start an industrial revolution. Professor Kuran focuses also on the Islamic system of partnership, normally used as a vehicle for business. Partnerships Islamic melted every time one of the partners died, and then usually included only a small number of members, making them hard to withstand the competition of large corporations European industrial and financial, that they had behind hundreds of shareholders. The development of the banking sector in Europe brought down the long-term interest rates in the United Kingdom by two thirds, paving the way for the Industrial Revolution. In the Arab world this happened only with the colonial period. Such impediments in the traditional twenty-first century are no longer a problem. Muslim countries now have banks, corporations and stock and bond markets, and inheritance law is no longer an obstacle to capital accumulation. So, if the diagnosis of Professor Kuran is correct, the future should be rosy (and the booming economy of Turkey in recent years has shown the potential for a revival). But there a psychological problem. Many Arabs blame foreigners for their backwardness, and react by rejecting the modernity and the outside world. It is a disgrace that an area that once produced an extraordinary science and culture (giving us words like algebra) now have such low levels of education, especially with regard to girls. The crisis in the Arab world offers an opportunity for a fresh start. I hope there's a frank debate and without pretense, from all sides, about mistakes made, as a starting point for a new course and with better prospects. The Muslim Brothers have often used the slogan "Islam is the solution." And for the West, the perception unacknowledged, in front of the landscape depressing offered by the Middle East, often was: "Islam is the problem." The research of Professor Kuran suggests that the more correct view, at least for the future, is that Islam is not the problem nor the solution is simply a religion, and this means that the break is over, there are no more excuses and it is time to start moving forward again. (Translation by Fabio Galimberti). While we have no objection to the first article, we have substantial on the second which appears to marry the note in full view (and Eurocentric capitalisticocentrica) that the level of civilization and its dynamics of peoples and cultures is almost exclusively linked to the ability to refine production processes geared to the economic rule of capital accumulation. In other words, the article seems to argue that the degree of civilization and capitalist development of the economy are the same, and the Arab and Islamic peoples in general would be left behind because they have retained after the period of their maximum brightness, legal and economic instruments and immobility no driving force. Of course the argument is completely unacceptable, and the best proof of its inaccuracy is given by the intensity of the economic crisis not only that so-called capitalist globalization is forcing the whole of humanity, unless you want to consider "civilization" and culture as an economic system that allows less than 20 % of the world to use with no regard for the environment and the needs of others, not less than 80% of the resources produced in all the earth, which is a model of civilization that is based on the false assumption that the earth's resources are unlimited and reproducible.
In fact, while the brilliant article by Nicholas Kristof forget some essential elements:
1 - All the great civilizations of the past have experienced a development phase, a peak and decline: a characteristic that they seem to share with the humans who produce them. Often the factors of decline are intrinsic to their model, but very often the same decline is due to external factors, both natural and human. The decline of the Roman greek culture that reached its climax in coincidence with the first century of the Roman Empire began with the devastating plague at the time of Emperor Marcus Aurelius led to a halving of the population and with it the emergence of property feudal land and almost paralysis system, commercial and industrial economy. A factor that then joined the so-called "barbarian invasions" and that the influx of ethnic groups in the territories of all bearers of culture in conflict with the values \u200b\u200bof Greco-Roman era, beginning with the great importance in the ancient world from slavery. The caliphs of the Islamic world, identified as the apogee of Islamic civilization, Middle East, received a mortal blow by the Mongol invasions of the thirteenth century and lasted for more than one hundred years. The vitality of Islam, however, was demonstrated by the fact that in subsequent centuries from the ruins of the great civilizations flourished Mongol invasions of the Ottoman Empire and the empire Mughal
(but do not forget that one of the most beautiful architectural complexes in the world flourished in the steppes of Central Asia by Timur and Timurid dynasty: Samarkand or want to forget?; 2 - One of the main factors of the extraordinary development of the so-called European or Western civilization was the so-called "primitive accumulation" built by the Spaniards through the looting and the total destruction of the great kingdoms of pre-Columbian America. The gold looted in the Americas for the pockets Bankers Flemish and English courses in the holds of ships, and especially the latter factor was to make possible takeoff of industrialization of the eighteenth century. Nor should one forget the inhuman level of exploitation that was imposed on the peoples of Europe starting from the so-called capitalism. Swap this element of "economic progress productive" growth in the level of civilization is rather risky. That is so wrong then I do not have the Muslim Brotherhood, who claim that the solution of problems existing in the countries of the Middle East and in all the world where Islam is dominant religion is Islam itself: it does not push the ' man to a kind of resignation to fate, but it encourages work, personal growth, and even the pursuit of wealth, provided that this does not happen starving the next and putting one hand the duties of solidarity and brotherhood that should govern relations between human beings.
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